Application strategies for an anthraquinone-based repellent to protect oilseed sunflower crops from pest blackbirds

Werner, Scott J.; Tupper, Shelagh K.; Pettit, Susan E.; Ellis, Jeremy W.; Carlson, James C.; Goldade, David A.; Hofmann, N. M.; Homan, H. Jeffrey; Linz, George M.

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2014.01.016

Cited by 14 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…When AQ was applied to sunflower seed in combination with registered insecticides or registered fungicides, a threshold concentration of 1475 mg AQ kg −1 was predicted to elicit 80% repellency for oilseed sunflower in blackbirds. This is the same threshold concentration as sunflower treated with AQ alone . When an ultraviolet visual cue was added to the AQ seed treatment, synergistic repellency was observed at 200 mg AQ kg −1 and 350 mg AQ kg −1 (i.e.…”

Section: Avian Seed Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…This review highlights the variability in concentrations of AQ needed to protect seeds from different avian species and even within species to protect various seed types. Red‐winged blackbirds demonstrated greater than 80% repellency to sunflower treated with 1700 mg AQ kg −1 , whereas common grackles required 12 200 mg AQ kg −1 . Red‐winged blackbirds demonstrated 79% repellency to 4921 mg AQ kg −1 treated rice seed, several thousand mg kg −1 more than needed for sunflower .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Anthraquinone has been shown to have negligible effects on the germination of various agricultural crop seeds . Sunflower seed treatments comprising AQ and a registered fungicide or AQ and a registered insecticide demonstrated no decrease in avian repellency or seed germination . Moreover, AQ residues from 10 000 mg AQ kg −1 rice seed treatment were 0.1 mg AQ kg −1 at harvest …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More than 75% of annual blackbird damage to ripening sunflower occurs within the first 18 days after flowering . Field enclosure experiments demonstrated lower damage and higher yield of oilseed and confectionery sunflower that were hand sprayed with 4.7 and 9.4 L ha −1 of a formulated AQ product (50% AQ) for red‐winged blackbirds and common grackles respectively . The backs of mature sunflower heads were hand sprayed with 4.7–18.7 L ha −1 of a formulated AQ product (50% AQ) in cage testing with red‐winged blackbirds.…”

Section: Avian Foliar Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of anthraquinone applications for pest management and agricultural crop protection

DeLiberto

Werner

2016

Pest Management Science

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Section: Avian Seed Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Avian Foliar Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Review of anthraquinone applications for pest management and agricultural crop protection

DeLiberto

Werner

2016

Pest Management Science

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“…Anthraquinone is a naturally occurring compound that was first identified as a potential repellent in the 1940s (Heckmanns and Meisenheimer 1944). It has generally been thought of as a bird repellent (e.g., Dolbeer et al 1998;Werner et al 2014bWerner et al , 2015, but it has recently been shown to substantially reduce feeding activity in some rodent species as well (Cowan et al 2015;Hansen et al 2015;Werner et al 2016). Anthraquinone is a post-ingestive repellent that deters damage after initial consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The elusive search for an effective repellent against voles: an assessment of anthraquinone for citrus crops

Baldwin

Meinerz

Witmer³

et al. 2018

J Pest Sci

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Vole (Cricetidae) girdling of tree trunks is a common form of damage experienced by tree and vine growers throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. Management programs that effectively incorporate chemical repellents and vegetation management would be of substantial assistance to growers that experience such damage. Anthraquinone has proven effective as a repellent against voles in lab trials, yet controlled field tests of combined anthraquinone and vegetation management programs are lacking. Therefore, we established a mesocosm-based study in central California, USA, to test the efficacy of anthraquinone and vegetation management for reducing girdling damage caused by California voles Microtus californicus to Clementine citrus trees Citrus clementine under semi-field conditions. We observed a 90-100% reduction in girdling damage for trees following a single application of anthraquinone during two trials in summer and spring, respectively. Removal of vegetation around the base of trees further reduced damage during the summer sampling period, with no girdling observed on anthraquinone-treated trees that were surrounded by bare soil. We did not observe this same relationship during spring, and we observed no relationship between vegetation management in the absence of anthraquinone treatments in either seasonal trial, suggesting that vegetation management had a lesser impact on vole girdling than anthraquinone applications. We observed no decrease in efficacy of anthraquinone across the duration of both sampling periods (5-6 weeks), indicating substantial longevity for anthraquinone. Anthraquinone appears to have substantial utility for minimizing vole girdling damage. Field testing is warranted for additional mammalian species to determine potential uses for other taxa.

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Inefficiency of anthraquinone‐based avian repellents when applied to sunflower: the importance of crop vegetative and floral characteristics in field applications

Kaiser

Ostlie

Werner

et al. 2020

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND Blackbirds (Icteridae) cause significant damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) prompting the need for effective management tools. Anthraquinone‐based repellents can reduce feeding by > 80% in laboratory settings, but require birds to learn the negative association through repellent ingestion. We evaluated an anthraquinone‐based repellent applied directly to mature sunflower plants for its ability to reduce bird damage. We used captive male red‐winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to evaluate efficacy of two anthraquinone‐based formulations in varying concentrations and applied in a manner attainable by sunflower producers. We also assessed field application methods for repellent coverage and anthraquinone residues when using ground‐rigs equipped with drop‐nozzles situated below the crop canopy. RESULTS The repellents failed to reduce feeding and birds did not exhibit a preference between untreated and treated sunflowers at concentrations 2.7× the suggested application rate (i.e. 9.35 L ha−1 of repellent). In the absence of disk flowers, which obstruct repellent from reaching the achenes, the repellents failed to reduce consumption. Anthraquinone concentrations in field applications were considerably less than those in the laboratory experiments and did not reduce bird damage. CONCLUSION Efficacy is difficult to achieve in the field due to application issues where growth patterns and floral components of sunflower limit residues on achenes, thus contact with foraging birds. Although field residues could be improved by increasing anthraquinone concentrations in tank mixtures and decreasing droplet size, repellents optimized for loose achenes are inefficient in reducing avian consumption of sunflower when applied to intact plants in a manner representative of commercial agriculture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry

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Application strategies for an anthraquinone-based repellent to protect oilseed sunflower crops from pest blackbirds

Cited by 14 publications

References 20 publications

Review of anthraquinone applications for pest management and agricultural crop protection

Review of anthraquinone applications for pest management and agricultural crop protection

The elusive search for an effective repellent against voles: an assessment of anthraquinone for citrus crops

Inefficiency of anthraquinone‐based avian repellents when applied to sunflower: the importance of crop vegetative and floral characteristics in field applications

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