Applications and Nanotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Biomedicine

Fisher, Caitlin; Rider, Amanda; Han, Zhaojun; Kumar, Shailesh; Levchenko, Igor; Ostrikov, Kostya Ken

doi:10.1155/2012/315185

Cited by 137 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 258 publications

(385 reference statements)

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“…This molecule also has been widely used to increase the dispersion and blood circulation times of liposomes and carbon nanotubes. 10,24,134 PEGylated carbon nanotubes injected into the bloodstream of mice were shown to be nontoxic over a time period of 4 months, while pristine and oxidized carbon nanotubes were shown to affect mammalian embryonic development, causing extensive vascular lesions and increased ROS levels. 135,136 Consistently, spherical nanocarbon materials functionalized with PEG have shown high biocompatibility.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Spherical Nanocarbon Materials-are Spherical Nanmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,20 There are already many reports that discuss the properties and biomedical applications of carbon nanotubes, graphene and even amorphous carbon nanoparticles. [21][22][23][24] In this review, we focus on the therapeutic applications (nanomedicine and drug delivery) of spherical nanocarbon materials, mainly fullerene nanoparticles, carbon nanohorn aggregates, nanodiamonds and porous carbon nanospheres (Figure 1). These nanocarbon materials have distinct structures, comprising SP 2 or SP 3 hybridized carbons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Therapeutic applications of low-toxicity spherical nanocarbon materials

Wang

et al. 2014

NPG Asia Mater

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Nanocarbon materials have received considerable attention due to their unique structure and properties, which make them promising candidate materials for use in biomedical applications. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic applications of spherical nanocarbon materials, including fullerene nanoparticles, carbon nanohorn aggregates, nanodiamonds and porous carbon nanospheres, and their toxicology in biological systems. We put special emphasis on the antitumor effects of these multifunctional nanoparticles, which operate via novel mechanisms in a highly efficient manner. The low toxicities of these spherical nanocarbon materials as well as the possible effects of shape on toxicity are discussed.

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Section: Toxicity Of Spherical Nanocarbon Materials-are Spherical Nanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic applications of low-toxicity spherical nanocarbon materials

Wang

et al. 2014

NPG Asia Mater

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“…1,2 CNPs have been greatly studied with a view to being exploited in biomedical and pharmaceutical areas, with ND, in particular, gaining widespread interest in the recent years. ND is known to exhibit lower toxicity and improved cell tolerance compared with other CNPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive evaluation of carboxylated nanodiamond as a topical drug delivery system

Lim¹,

Kim²,

Kang³

et al. 2016

IJN

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The best strategy in the development of topical drug delivery systems may be to facilitate the permeation of drugs without any harmful effects, while staying on the skin surface and maintaining stability of the system. Nanodiamonds (NDs) play a key role with their excellent physicochemical properties, including high biocompatibility, physical adsorption, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capability, and photostabilizing activity. Z -average sizes of carboxylated ND (ND–COOH) agglutinate decreased significantly as the pH increased. Fluorescein-conjugated ND was observed only on the stratum corneum, and no sample diffused into the dermal layer even after 48 hours. Moreover, ND–COOH and ND–COOH/eugenol complex did not show significant toxic effects on murine macrophage cells. ND improved in vitro skin permeation >50% acting as a “drug reservoir” to maintain a high drug concentration in the donor chamber, which was supported by quartz crystal microbalance results. Moreover, ND–COOH could adsorb a drug amount equivalent to 80% of its own weight. A photostability study showed that ND–COOH increased the photostability ~47% with regard to rate constant of the eugenol itself. A significant decrease in ROS was observed in the ND–COOH and ND–COOH/eugenol complex compared with the negative control during intracellular ROS assay. Moreover, ROS and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity evaluation showed that ND–COOH had synergistic effects of antioxidation with eugenol. Therefore, ND–COOH could be used as an excellent topical drug delivery system with improved permeability, higher stability, and minimized safety issue.

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“…Graphene, an atomically thick sheet composed of sp 2 carbon atoms arranged in a flat honeycomb structure, 6 is a material with very high specific surface area, high optical transmittance and good electrocatalytic properties. [7][8][9] Moreover, it is a relatively cheap, abundant and non-toxic material 10,11 and resistant to electrocorrosion. 8 The electroactivity of graphene is induced by lattice defects and attached oxygen-functional groups 8,12 but a sufficient high electrical conductivity should also be maintained.…”

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confidence: 99%

Transparent graphene-based counter-electrodes for iodide/triiodide mediated dye-sensitized solar cells

et al. 2014

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Broader Context Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) have been regarded as a promising cheaper alternative to conventional photovoltaic systems. Fostering large-scale applications, many efforts have been made to replace platinum as the catalytic material of the electrocatalytic reaction that takes place at the counter-electrode (CE) side (cathode) of the DSC due to its scarce nature and high price. To date, there was no other material capable of matching Pt electrocatalytic activity for the I3 − /I − redox couple (the most used electrolyte system), associated with a high optical transparency of the electrode. Although transparency is not mandatory for a DSC, it is highly appreciated as it increases the product value by enabling its use in building integrated applications (BIPV), as well as in other solutions such as tandem cells. Consequently, an important challenge emerges in order to find a proper substitute for Pt as the CE material of a DSC. Here we report the development of a novel CE capable of delivering simultaneously high efficiency and transparency for iodine-based electrolyte systems in DSCs. The presented CE is based on a structured film of oxidized graphene nanoplatelets applied over metal (nickel) nanoparticles, with a very simple manufacturing process. Both materials and processes should enable the fabrication of a cheaper DSC.A new highly transparent and low cost counter-electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells was fabricated, comprised of a structured graphene film over nickel nanoparticles. Annealed nickel particles induced an enhanced restoration of graphene double bonds, which led to cells with energy conversion efficiencies similar to those using a conventional platinum electrode. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are a promising new alternative photovoltaic technology due to the lower manufacturing costs and potential for high-energy conversion 1, 2 . Typically a DSC is comprised of a porous nanocrystalline titanium oxide film (TiO2) decorated with a sensitizer and a platinum counter-electrode (CE), both deposited on top of a transparent conductive oxide glass, and an liquid electrolyte containing iodide/triiodide (I3 − /I − ) redox couple. Throughout the years attempts have been made to replace Pt as the catalyst material in DSCs with potentially cheaper carbonaceous materials, either in their pristine or composite forms. 3,4 However, as the performance of these materials is strongly affected by the available surface area for reaction, 4, 5 it is necessary a large amount of carbon for efficient catalysis making the electrodes opaque and bulky, 4 and thus undermining the DSC's transparency properties offered by the Pt CE. Graphene has been gathered interest in recent years as a potential candidate for the replacement of traditional Pt as a CE material in a DSC. Graphene, an atomically thick sheet composed of sp 2 carbon atoms arranged in a flat honeycomb structure, 6 is a material with very high specific surface area, high optical transmittance and good electrocatalytic properties. [7][8][9] M...

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Applications and Nanotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Biomedicine

Cited by 137 publications

References 258 publications

Therapeutic applications of low-toxicity spherical nanocarbon materials

Therapeutic applications of low-toxicity spherical nanocarbon materials

Comprehensive evaluation of carboxylated nanodiamond as a topical drug delivery system

Transparent graphene-based counter-electrodes for iodide/triiodide mediated dye-sensitized solar cells

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