Applications of Adductomics in Chemically Induced Adverse Outcomes and Major Emphasis on DNA Adductomics: A Pathbreaking Tool in Biomedical Research

Abstract

Adductomics novel and emerging discipline in the toxicological research emphasizes on adducts formed by reactive chemical agents with biological molecules in living organisms. Development in analytical methods propelled the application and utility of adductomics in interdisciplinary sciences. This review endeavors to add a new dimension where comprehensive insights into diverse applications of adductomics in addressing some of society’s pressing challenges are provided. Also focuses on diverse applications of adductomics include: forecasting risk of chronic diseases triggered by reactive agents and predicting carcinogenesis induced by tobacco smoking; assessing chemical agents’ toxicity and supplementing genotoxicity studies; designing personalized medication and precision treatment in cancer chemotherapy; appraising environmental quality or extent of pollution using biological systems; crafting tools and techniques for diagnosis of diseases and detecting food contaminants; furnishing exposure profile of the individual to electrophiles; and assisting regulatory agencies in risk assessment of reactive chemical agents. Characterizing adducts that are present in extremely low concentrations is an exigent task and more over absence of dedicated database to identify adducts is further exacerbating the problem of adduct diagnosis. In addition, there is scope of improvement in sample preparation methods and data processing software and algorithms for accurate assessment of adducts.

Current and Future Methodology for Quantitation and Site-Specific Mapping the Location of DNA Adducts

“…Historically, studies on DNA adducts have mirrored advances in analytical and bioanalytical chemistry technologies, starting with paper chromatography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [22,23] and 32 P-Post-labeling [24] and followed by liquid [25] and gas chromatography separations with various detection systems, including UV, fluorescence, and electrochemical detectors [26,27].…”

“…Electrospray ionization coupled with mass-spectrometry is now a commonly used technique for qualitative and quantitative analyses of many types of compounds, including DNA adducts [26,27]. Improvements in mass analyzers allows monitoring of thousands of molecules simultaneously with ultra-high mass resolution and accuracy [30][31][32][33]. The basic and most frequently used approach for quantitation of DNA adducts is to isolate DNA, liberate the DNA adducts from DNA by chemical means or enzyme hydrolysis, and quantitate the released 2′-deoxyribonucleoside-and nucleobase-adducts by LC-MS (Scheme 1a) [34].…”

“…Therefore, DNA adducts are monitored in various modes of data-dependent or multistage (MS n ) scanning modes [19,40]. DNA adductomics methods have been reviewed extensively [18,20,32,37].…”

Current and Future Methodology for Quantitation and Site-specific Mapping the Location of DNA Adducts

“…Electrospray mass-spectrometry is now a commonly used technique for qualitative and quantitative analyses of any type of compound, including DNA adducts [24,25]. Improvements of mass analyzers allows monitoring of thousands of molecules simultaneously with ultra-high mass resolution and accuracy [28][29][30][31]. The basic and most frequently used approach for quantitation of DNA adducts is to isolate DNA, liberate the DNA adducts from DNA by chemical means or enzyme hydrolysis and quantify the released nucleotide-or base-adducts by LC-MS (Scheme 1 left) [32].…”

Biotechnological Innovations from Ocean: Transpiring Role of Marine Drugs in Management of Chronic Disorders

“…The link between a direct therapeutic target (also called the binding partner) and a mechanism of bioactive action associated with the disease serves as an incentive for conducting preclinical and clinical studies. The use of novel techniques in the identification of targets and the capture of associated mechanisms of action act as a game changer and can lead to the implementation of early stages of discovery efforts for new drug leads [ 83 , 84 ]. Marine natural products are highly diverse and thus present a greater opportunity for discovering a wide number of first-in-class therapeutic agents that comprise proteins and other unusual biological targets, such as lipid membranes, sterols, etc.…”