Applications of chitosan-based biomaterials: a focus on dependent antimicrobial properties

Abstract

Marine-derived chitosan has been widely examined for its use in developing biomedical materials. Not only is it non-toxic, biocompatible, and degradable, it has also shown unique antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan are restricted by neutral and physiological conditions because it is insoluble in water and its pKa values is 6.5. One solution to this problem is to graft chemically modified groups onto the backbone of chitosan. The aim of this paper is to review the mode of antimicrobial action of chitosan and chitosan derivatives. Using chitosan alone may not meet the demands of various applications. However, the introduction of additional polymers and antimicrobial agents is commonly used to enhance the antimicrobial potential of chitosan-based biomaterials. Chitosan-based composite biomaterials have been developed that allow diversified formulations to broaden applications, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, films, sponges, fibers, or even microspheres. These along with recent advances on chitosan-based composite biomaterials used for wound healing, food packaging, textile sector, 3D printing and dental materials, were reviewed in detail.

A focused review on three-dimensional bioprinting technology for artificial organ fabrication

“…Since there is no sustained collagen crosslinking time in the chitosan-based method, it can overcome poor printability while also speeding up the process. 100 A vital component of successful skin grafting is the ability of the tissue graft to maintain tissue viability through the vascularisation of the grafted area. 101 Cells can be printed on gels using inkjet devices, and they have high cell viability, indicating that they are viable cells.…”

Modifications of Wound Dressings with Bioactive Agents to Achieve Improved Pro-Healing Properties

“…Chronic wounds occur as the result of delayed and prolonged healing of the acute wounds [1][2][3]. The differences between acute and chronic wounds mainly lie in the biochemical environment present in the wound bed [4].…”

“…A great variety of wound dressings are produced using a natural polysaccharide called chitosan. It can be processed into functional dressings, such as films, fibers, sponges, and hydrogels [3]. In view of important biological properties of the chitosan, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility [32,33], antioxidant [34][35][36] and antimicrobial [37,38] properties, non-toxicity [39,40], and anti-cancer properties [41,42], it is not surprising that chitosan is a frequently used compound for the production of various modern dressing materials.…”

Chitosan‐based self‐assembled nanomaterials: Their application in drug delivery

“…Chitosan, deacetylated derivative of chitin that exists in the exoskeleton of crustaceans, insect cuticles, and fungi cell walls, is a natural linear polysaccharide composed of β(1→4) glycosidic bonds linked (1→4)‐2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D glucan (N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine) and (1→4)‐2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐glucan (D‐glucosamine) 6–8 . Inherent superior properties of chitosan, such as antimicrobial activity, excellent biocompatibility with body tissues, satisfactory biodegradability, significant osteoconductivity, and mucoadhesive properties, attract much interests and broaden its utilization areas involving tissue engineering, gene therapy, bioimaging, skin regeneration, bone repair, and cancer treatment 9,10 .…”