Applications of Dyes in Material Science Research

Abstract

Dyes are colored organic compounds that are used to pigment fiber or other materials. Dyes are mainly calssified into natural and synthetic dyes in terms of the origin. Natural dyes include animal dyes, plant dyes and mineral dyes with such defects as incomplete chromatogram, inconvenient use and color fading, and thus have been gradually eliminated. In 1856, the 18-year-old young British scientist Perkin successfully invented the world's first synthetic dyes. He built his own factory and industrialized synthetic dye production. Over 100 years since then, dye industry has undergone rapid development, and by 2001 synthetic dyes already have been up to nearly 10,000 varieties. In 2004, the output of total dyes in the world has reached 900,000 tons. Synthetic dyes are used comprehensively, not only to dye synthetic fibers, but also natural fibesr, fur, leather and man-made fibers.

A Diehole Arranging Optimization Strategy in Multi-Hole Die Design for Profile Product Extrusion

“…Where f p and f λ are the functions of the extrusin force and the metals flow ratio, respectively; d c is the locating circle diameter; D 0 is the container inner diameter, assumed 120 mm based on the billet diameter in the paper; and x is the independent variable of the regression models. For the characteristics of profile extrusion process, the optimization algorithm for multi-hole die design is established as follows: Table 4 The results of regression and optimization Genetic algorithm is an intelligence-optimized algorithm to simulate organic evolution by introducing the conepts of select and mutation into the opimization calculation [3]. As a globle optimization algorithm, genetic algorithm shows even stronger adaptability to complex nonlinear problems compared with the gradient-based optimization algorithm.…”

“…Such approach is costly, time consuming and hardly optimal. In recent years computer simulation based approaches such as finite element analysis are being excessively used for such applications due to their ability to provide realistic design data in short span of time [1][2][3]. The optimal die design for such process is to achieve both uniform flow distribution on the outlet cross-section of flow channel and small barus effect on the extrudate so as to ensure the requirements on the extrinsic feature, mechanical property, and dimensional precision of the final products [4].…”