Applications of fluorescent materials in the detection of alkaline phosphatase activity

Abstract

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is important in the diagnosis of many diseases. Because ALP is used to detect biomarkers for many diseases, many researchers conduct investigations to develop ALP detection strategies. The use of fluorescent material has attracted attention because of the technique's high sensitivity and the low sample volume required. Herein, we review and discuss the working mechanisms and advantages of four main categories:DNA fluorescent probes, molecular fluorescent probes, chemical coordination-based probes, and nanoparticle probes. Development prospects and trends are also discussed.

Fluorescent Orthopalladated Complexes of 4-Aryliden-5(4H)-oxazolones from the Kaede Protein: Synthesis and Characterization

“…The synthesis of compounds with luminescent properties is currently one of the most active fields in chemical research, due to the applications of such materials in a variety of fields such as opto-electronic devices (cell phones, smart TVs, tablets and others), biological markers, sensors and many others [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Oxazolones and imidazolones are promising candidates for the preparation of compounds with remarkable luminescent properties and this is based on the fact that the chromophore of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a 4-arylidene-5(4 H )-imidazolone ( Figure 1 a).…”

Overview on the Development of Alkaline-Phosphatase-Linked Optical Immunoassays

“…In ALP-linked fluorescence immunoassays, a broad variety of fluorescent materials have been introduced, including organic dyes, QDs, metal nanoclusters (NCs), CDs, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) [ 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Theoretically, the previously reported fluorescence strategies for ALP-targeting assays can be designated to quantify various antigens in the form of immunoassays using ALP as the reporter enzyme [ 17 , 18 , 39 , 53 ]. This section categorizes the ALP-linked fluorescence immunoassays according to the signal output methods ( Scheme 1 ): the direct generation of fluorescent molecules or quenchers, ALP catalysis coupling with chemical reaction or enzymatic cascade reaction, enzymatic-product-regulated fluorescence of nanomaterials, enzymatic-product-induced in situ generation of fluorescent nanomaterials, and enzymatic-product-triggered aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon ( Table 1 ).…”

“…To enhance the sensitivity in determining ultralow-abundance targets, several effective signal amplification strategies have been integrated with optical immunoassays, including enzyme catalysis, DNA-based amplification, and nanotechnology [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. For instance, semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), carbon dots (CDs), and noble metal nanoclusters have been widely employed as novel probes with attractive photoluminescence features, replacing conventional fluorescent dyes [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can serve as carriers for loading numerous enzymes to achieve multiple-signal amplification, and as chromogenic indicators with high extinction coefficients as well as size- and inter-particle-distance-dependent optical properties [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”