“…IoT applications in libraries include, but are not limited to, tracking the location of resources, smart circulation control, better access to resources, collection management, inventory control, notification services, membership apps, user tracking and self-guided virtual tours, data security, remote service, smart reference service, and more (Asim and Arif, 2023;Hadi, 2022;De Sarkar, 2022;Mondal, 2021;Sheeja and Susan, 2019). However, empirical evidence from developing countries like Nigeria and Pakistan show that IoT applications in university libraries are mostly restricted to smart circulation systems, RFID-based security control, and theft management (Eiriemiokhale and Olutola, 2023;Asim et al, 2022). The implementation of innovative IoT technologies in libraries can improve management effectiveness, make libraries smarter, protect library resources, improve readers' service, save users' time, reduce the cost of library maintenance and enhance staff competency (Xu, 2022;Igbinovia and Okuonghae, 2021a).…”