Applications of Ion Exchange Resins in Water Softening

Abstract

Surface and groundwater always contain hardness ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+). The hardness is an important characteristic that provides the consumer properties of water. This parameter must be taken into consideration by the stations of water treatment, thermal power plants, the enterprises of chemical, food, pharmaceutical industries. Ion exchange resins, which are intended for water softening, are considered in this chapter. The negative effect of hardness ions on human health and equipment is also a focus of attention. Special approaches for increasing the efficiency of water softening are also reported. These approaches involve combining ion exchange with electrodialysis or ultrasound.