Applications of Kramers—Kronig transforms in the analysis of electrochemical impedance data—III. Stability and linearity

Urquidi‐Macdonald, Mirna; Real, Silvia; Macdonald, Digby D.

doi:10.1016/0013-4686(90)80010-l

Cited by 273 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…This procedure was recently used by Feng et al [41] in the study of passivity of 316L stainless steel in borate buffer solution. Its detailed explanation is given in the book of Orazem and Tribolet [38] and by Macdonald [42]. For all the measurements, the test result ranged from 10 −5 to 10 −6…”

Section: Eis Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical synthesis of oxide nanotubes on Ti6Al7Nb alloy and their interaction with the simulated body fluid

Stępień

Handzlik

Fitzner

2016

J Solid State Electrochem

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The aim of the present work was to investigate electrochemical behavior of the Ti6Al7Nb alloy in the simulated body fluid (SBF) containing Ca 2+ , HCO 3 − , and HPO 4 2 − ions. At first, optimal conditions necessary for oxide nanotube formation were determined. The experiments were conducted in the 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 with 0.5 wt% NH 4 F electrolyte at room temperature. Anodization of the alloy samples was carried out under variable external voltage U in the range from 10 to 40 V at room temperature. Obtained surface morphology was examined by SEM and X-ray techniques. Nanotube diameter was calculated and correlated with the imposed voltage. Having control over the size of nanotubes, samples with the obtained nanostructures of a chosen diameter were immersed into SBF solution with pH = 7.4 for a fixed period of time. Then, they were removed from the fluid and subjected to the electrochemical investigation. Corrosion current and corrosion potential were determined, and it was found that the best anticorrosion properties were obtained for heat-treated nanotube layer: i corr = 39 nA/cm 2 and E corr = −0.236 V vs Ag/AgCl. Finally, the interaction between the oxide surface and the solution was studied using polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques.

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Section: Eis Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical synthesis of oxide nanotubes on Ti6Al7Nb alloy and their interaction with the simulated body fluid

Stępień

Handzlik

Fitzner

2016

J Solid State Electrochem

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“…A linear system is a system in which the relation between the perturbation and the response is a set of linear differential equations [35]. In other words, a linear system is a system where the superposition principle holds: the response to the sum of individual perturbations is the sum of the individual responses to each of these perturbations [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total harmonic distortion based method for linearity assessment in electrochemical systems in the context of EIS

Giner-Sanz

Ortega

Pérez-Herranz

2015

Electrochimica Acta

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ElsevierGiner Sanz, JJ.; Ortega Navarro, EM.; Pérez-Herranz, V. (2015). Total harmonic distortion based method for linearity assessment in electrochemical systems in the context of EIS. Electrochimica Acta. 186:598-612. doi:10.1016Acta. 186:598-612. doi:10. /j.electacta.2015 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used electrochemical measurement technique that has been used in a great spectrum of fields since it allows deconvolving the individual physic-chemical processes that take place in a given system. Ohm's generalized law, and thus the impedance concept, are only valid if 4 conditions are fulfilled: causality, finiteness, stationarity and linearity. In the case that any of these conditions is not achieved, the obtained impedance spectra will present distortions that may lead to biased or even erroneous results and conclusions. For this reason it is crucial to verify if the 4 conditions are fulfilled, before accepting the results extracted from impedance spectra. In this work, a linearity assessment quantitative method based in the total harmonic distortion (THD) parameter is presented and verified experimentally. The experimental validation of the implemented method showed that the implemented method is able to assess quantitatively the linearity of the system. In addition, it is also able to determine the threshold frequency above which the system will not present significant nonlinear effects even for large perturbation amplitudes. It was observed that the THD method is more sensitive to nonlinear effects than the spectra themselves.

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“…Also shown in Fig. 1 are log-log schematic plots of the type of frequency response of Ii (12) and j~2Ii(~2) to be expected for n=0.7, and 8n= 10. For i= C, the middle graphs show results of normalized impedance and the bottom ones show normalized modulus-level response, where M-jcoCvZ.…”

Section: An Approximate Transform Using Differentiation: Exact and Exmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although they have been applied in recent years to the analysis of EIS data [ 1,[9][10][11][12][13][14], somewhat less attention has been devoted to their efficient application and limitations. One limitation is that they provide much less detailed information about specific response processes than do fitting with mathematical models or adequate equivalent circuits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternatives to Kronig-Kramers transformation and testing, and estimation of distributions

Boukamp

Macdonald

1994

Solid State Ionics

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Two alternatives to Kronig-Kramers analysis of small-signal ac immittance data are discussed and illustrated using both synthetic and experimental data. The first, a derivative method of approximating imaginary-part response from real-part data, is found to be too approximate in regions where the imaginary-part varies appreciably with frequency. The second, a distribution of relaxation-times fitting method, is shown to be valuable for testing whether a data set satisfies the Kronig-Kramers relations and so is associated with a system whose properties are time-invariant. It also is valuable for estimating real-or imaginary-part response from the other part, usually with small error. Unlike Kronig-Kramers analysis, the second method usually requires no extrapolation outside the range of the measured data. Finally, this discrete-function method also allows one to estimate the distribution of relaxation times or activation energies associated with a given set of frequency-response data. This application is described and illustrated for both synthetic and experimental data and is shown to yield good but somewhat approximate results for the estimation of continuous distributions. It is particularly valuable for identifying response regions arising from a continuous distribution and distinguishing them from those associated with discrete time-constant response.

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Applications of Kramers—Kronig transforms in the analysis of electrochemical impedance data—III. Stability and linearity

Cited by 273 publications

References 7 publications

Electrochemical synthesis of oxide nanotubes on Ti6Al7Nb alloy and their interaction with the simulated body fluid

Electrochemical synthesis of oxide nanotubes on Ti6Al7Nb alloy and their interaction with the simulated body fluid

Total harmonic distortion based method for linearity assessment in electrochemical systems in the context of EIS

Alternatives to Kronig-Kramers transformation and testing, and estimation of distributions

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