Applications of nanotechnologies for miRNA-based cancer therapeutics: current advances and future perspectives

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (18–25 nt), non-coding, widely conserved RNA molecules responsible for regulating gene expression via sequence-specific post-transcriptional mechanisms. Since the human miRNA transcriptome regulates the expression of a number of tumor suppressors and oncogenes, its dysregulation is associated with the clinical onset of different types of cancer. Despite the fact that numerous therapeutic approaches have been designed in recent years to treat cancer, the complexity of the disease manifested by each patient has prevented the development of a highly effective disease management strategy. However, over the past decade, artificial miRNAs (i.e., anti-miRNAs and miRNA mimics) have shown promising results against various cancer types; nevertheless, their targeted delivery could be challenging. Notably, numerous reports have shown that nanotechnology-based delivery of miRNAs can greatly contribute to hindering cancer initiation and development processes, representing an innovative disease-modifying strategy against cancer. Hence, in this review, we evaluate recently developed nanotechnology-based miRNA drug delivery systems for cancer therapeutics and discuss the potential challenges and future directions, such as the promising use of plant-made nanoparticles, phytochemical-mediated modulation of miRNAs, and nanozymes.

Exploring the Therapeutic Significance of microRNAs and lncRNAs in Kidney Diseases

“…To enhance the specificity of this approach, kidney-specific ligands (e.g., peptides and antibodies) can be attached to the nanoparticle's surface. Consequently, those ligands will interact with the specialized receptors expressed on renal cells, facilitating the recognition and internalization of the ncRNA drug-loaded nanoparticles [33,[148][149][150] (Figure 7B).…”

“…Unlike mRNA, which acts as a template for protein translation, ncRNAs play diverse regulatory roles in the cell, controlling gene expression, chromatin structure, and various cellular pathways [27]. Consequently, ncRNAs are implicated in several biological functions, including development, cell differentiation, and disease mechanisms [28][29][30][31][32][33]. Two of the most essential types of ncRNAs are microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which can be found in specialized tissues as well as in the form of circulating ncRNAs in body fluids (e.g., plasma, serum, and urine) [34][35][36].…”

Clinical and Translational Opportunities of Nanocarriers Containing RNAi for the Management of Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer

“…In another studies, exemplifies how surface modification techniques, such as PEGylation, enhance nanoparticle stability, reduce immune system clearance, and prolong circulation time. [ 141 ] Achieving an optimal balance in loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency is crucial for effective delivery, requiring considerations of charge adjustment and maintaining uniform particle size distribution. In other studies, focused on controlled release systems, designed for synchronized delivery, and responsive systems, which adapt to specific environments like the tumor microenvironment, collectively enhance therapeutic potential.…”

MicroRNA-34 Family in Cancers: Role, Mechanism, and Therapeutic Potential

“…This approach concurrently targets multiple critical pathways in tumor growth, creating a synergistic effect that boosts treatment outcomes [181,182]. Effective codelivery strategies, including nanodelivery systems, combination therapies, and innovative drug formulations like liposomes and nanoparticles, should align with the specific cancer type and treatment options [183,184]. These multifaceted approaches offer substantial benefits.…”