Applications of Paper-Based Diagnostics

Akram, Muhammad Safwan; Daly, Ronan; Vasconcellos, Fernando da Cruz; Yetisen, Ali K.; Hutchings, I.M.; Hall, Elizabeth A. H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08687-3_7

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Cellulose filter paper has been demonstrated to be a mechanically stable material to use as a 3D culture substrate (Derda et al, 2009 , 2011 ; Dermutz et al, 2017 ). The material is commercially available, inexpensive, biocompatible, bioinert, and ion and nutrient permeable (Akram et al, 2015 ). Various cell types, including primary neurons, readily adhere and integrate into the 3D porous fiber matrix, which can be functionalized with standard adhesion-promoting proteins (Derda et al, 2009 , 2011 ; Dermutz et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simple and Inexpensive Paper-Based Astrocyte Co-culture to Improve Survival of Low-Density Neuronal Networks

et al. 2018

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Bottom-up neuroscience aims to engineer well-defined networks of neurons to investigate the functions of the brain. By reducing the complexity of the brain to achievable target questions, such in vitro bioassays better control experimental variables and can serve as a versatile tool for fundamental and pharmacological research. Astrocytes are a cell type critical to neuronal function, and the addition of astrocytes to neuron cultures can improve the quality of in vitro assays. Here, we present cellulose as an astrocyte culture substrate. Astrocytes cultured on the cellulose fiber matrix thrived and formed a dense 3D network. We devised a novel co-culture platform by suspending the easy-to-handle astrocytic paper cultures above neuronal networks of low densities typically needed for bottom-up neuroscience. There was significant improvement in neuronal viability after 5 days in vitro at densities ranging from 50,000 cells/cm2 down to isolated cells at 1,000 cells/cm2. Cultures exhibited spontaneous spiking even at the very low densities, with a significantly greater spike frequency per cell compared to control mono-cultures. Applying the co-culture platform to an engineered network of neurons on a patterned substrate resulted in significantly improved viability and almost doubled the density of live cells. Lastly, the shape of the cellulose substrate can easily be customized to a wide range of culture vessels, making the platform versatile for different applications that will further enable research in bottom-up neuroscience and drug development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, major advantages of using paper as a culture substrate are that the material is easy to handle and is compatible with standard sample preparation methods. It can also be structurally patterned via cutting, folding, rolling, and stacking, allowing for a customizable platform for versatile applications (Akram et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simple and Inexpensive Paper-Based Astrocyte Co-culture to Improve Survival of Low-Density Neuronal Networks

et al. 2018

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“…[13] PADs offer a cost effective platform because the starting substrate materials are inexpensive (often less than $0.01US), the manufacturing techniques are well established, and the reagents (the most expensive part) are deposited in small amounts (μg-pg). [14] Many diagnostic motifs exist for PADs, but few have detected naturally-produced enzymes. Our group reported colorimetric and electrochemical assays to detect bacteria from food and water sources using the enzymes they produce.…”

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confidence: 99%

Utilizing Paper‐Based Devices for Antimicrobial‐Resistant Bacteria Detection

et al. 2017

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), the ability of a bacterial species to resist the action of an antimicrobial drug, has been on the rise due to the widespread use of antimicrobial agents. Per the World Health Organization, AMR has an estimated annual cost of $34B in the US, and is predicted to be the number one cause of death worldwide by 2050. One way AMR bacteria can spread, and where individuals can contract AMR infections, is through contaminated water. Monitoring environment AMR bacteria currently requires samples be transported to a central laboratory for slow and labor intensive tests. We have developed an inexpensive assay using paper-based analytical devices (PADs) that can test for the presence of β-lactamase-mediated resistance as a form of AMR. To demonstrate viability, the PAD was used to detect β-lactam resistance in wastewater and sewage, and identified resistance in individual bacteria species isolated from environmental water sources.

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“…In the past two decades microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip technologies have shown significant promise in a wide range of applications such as: analytical [1][2][3][4] and diagnostic devices, [5][6][7][8] platforms for chemical and material synthesis [9][10][11][12][13] and microphysiological systems. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Active flow control and sample delivery remain critical functions in microfluidic devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bubble pump: scalable strategy for in-plane liquid routing

Oskooei

Günther

2015

Lab Chip

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We present an on-chip liquid routing technique intended for application in well-based microfluidic systems that require long-term active pumping at low to medium flowrates. Our technique requires only one fluidic feature layer, one pneumatic control line and does not rely on flexible membranes and mechanical or moving parts. The presented bubble pump is therefore compatible with both elastomeric and rigid substrate materials and the associated scalable manufacturing processes. Directed liquid flow was achieved in a microchannel by an in-series configuration of two previously described "bubble gates", i.e., by gas-bubble enabled miniature gate valves. Only one time-dependent pressure signal is required and initiates at the upstream (active) bubble gate a reciprocating bubble motion. Applied at the downstream (passive) gate a time-constant gas pressure level is applied. In its rest state, the passive gate remains closed and only temporarily opens while the liquid pressure rises due to the active gate's reciprocating bubble motion. We have designed, fabricated and consistently operated our bubble pump with a variety of working liquids for >72 hours. Flow rates of 0-5.5 μl min(-1), were obtained and depended on the selected geometric dimensions, working fluids and actuation frequencies. The maximum operational pressure was 2.9 kPa-9.1 kPa and depended on the interfacial tension of the working fluids. Attainable flow rates compared favorably with those of available micropumps. We achieved flow rate enhancements of 30-100% by operating two bubble pumps in tandem and demonstrated scalability of the concept in a multi-well format with 12 individually and uniformly perfused microchannels (variation in flow rate <7%). We envision the demonstrated concept to allow for the consistent on-chip delivery of a wide range of different liquids that may even include highly reactive or moisture sensitive solutions. The presented bubble pump may provide active flow control for analytical and point-of-care diagnostic devices, as well as for microfluidic cells culture and organ-on-chip platforms.

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Applications of Paper-Based Diagnostics

Cited by 17 publications

References 109 publications

Simple and Inexpensive Paper-Based Astrocyte Co-culture to Improve Survival of Low-Density Neuronal Networks

Simple and Inexpensive Paper-Based Astrocyte Co-culture to Improve Survival of Low-Density Neuronal Networks

Utilizing Paper‐Based Devices for Antimicrobial‐Resistant Bacteria Detection

Bubble pump: scalable strategy for in-plane liquid routing

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