Applications of Solid-Phase Microextraction for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables: A Review

Abstract

This paper reviews the application of various modes of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. SPME is a simple extraction technique that eliminates the use of solvent, and it is applied for the analysis of both volatile and nonvolatile pesticides. SPME has been successfully coupled to both GC and LC. The coupling with GC has been straightforward and requires little modification of existing equipment, but interfacing with LC has proved challenging. The external standard calibration technique is widely used for quantification, while standard addition and internal or surrogate standards are mainly used to account for matrix effects. All parameters that affect the extraction of pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, and therefore need to be optimized, are also reviewed. Details of the characteristics of analytical procedures and new trends in fiber production using sol-gel technology and molecularly imprinted polymers are discussed.

A Review on Microextraction Techniques for Selected Triazole Fungicides Determination in Water and Food Samples

“…The fibers can be exposed in three different operation modes: immersion (DI), headspace (HS) or membraneprotected approach [19]. Different variables affect the SPME extraction process, among them: type of coating, extraction time, extraction temperature, salt addition, pH, agitation, sample volume and headspace volume [20][21][22][23][24][25]. There are some commercially available fibers with different coating and thickness.…”

Fiber-based solid phase microextraction using fused silica lined bottles to collect, store, and stabilize a multianalyte headspace gas sample for offline analyses

“…SPME-GC-MS) for separation and quantitation. Overall, SPME offers many advantages over other extraction techniques [10][11][12]: the fiber design combines extraction and enrichment into a single step, requiring typically only minutes to 10 s of minutes to perform; liquid solvents are not required since the stationary phase acts as a solid solvent; many different fiber coating choices are commercially available; SPME fibers are relatively inexpensive (e.g. ∼$100 dollars each) and can be used for months to years depending on the application; and the simplicity of the SPME fiber hardware allows for ease of manual use or automation (e.g.…”

Temperature-controlled ultrasound- and vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction combined with GC for the determination of the concentrations of organophosphorus pesticides in beverage samples

“…The sample preparation step, which leads to the enrichment and purification of the analytes, is one of the most important steps of any chemical analysis procedure . Traditional extraction techniques are laborious and consume a large amount of organic solvent .…”

“…Chromatogram of a 1.0 mg/L standard solution obtained using GC-FPD. Peak identification: (1) ethoprophos, (2) fenitrothion, (3) malathion, (4) chlorpyrifos, (5) isocarbophos, (6) methidathion,(7) fenamiphos, (8) profenofos, and (9) triazophos.…”