Applications of Stable Isotopes in Hydrocarbon Exploration and Environmental Forensics

Philp, R. Paul; Monaco, Guillermo Lo

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-10637-8_31

Cited by 11 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 171 publications

(209 reference statements)

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“…Microbial transformations of TOC are usually accompanied by stable isotope discrimination processes. Undecomposed photosynthates from annual crops and grasses typically show δ 13 C signals from − 26 to -30‰ for C 3 plants and − 10 to -14‰ for C 4 plants (Philp and Monaco 2012), as well as δ 15 N signals from − 8 to 9‰ depending on the nitrogen source (Craine et al 2015). During microbial processing, the organic C fraction is enriched with heavy isotopes of C and N, which is reflected in increasing δ 13 C and δ 15 N values (Boutton 1996;Natelhoffer and Fry 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of carbon in agricultural soil profiles deduced from depth gradients of C:N ratios, carbon fractions, δ13C and δ15N values

2020

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Aims Agricultural soils in Germany store 2.54 Pg of organic carbon (C). However, information about how and when this C entered the soils is limited. This study illustrates how depth profiles of organic matter can shed light on different entry paths of organic C. Methods Machine learning was used to explain total organic C (TOC), C:N, particulate organic C (POC), δ13C and δ15N values down to 100 cm depth based on pedology, geology, climate and management-related variables from the German Agricultural Soil Inventory. We estimated TOC turnover rates based on the relationship between the proportion of maize (only C4 plant) in crop rotations and soil δ13C values. Results In the upper 30 cm of cropland, fresh photosynthates added on average 0.2 to 0.8 Mg C ha− 1 year− 1. Organic fertiliser was another source of topsoil C, especially in grassland. Sandy sites in north-west Germany contained historic C from past heathland and peatland. One third of German agricultural land was found to be on colluvial and alluvial deposits, in which allochthonous C from upstream and upslope areas evidently increased the TOC content of subsoils. In and below hardpans, TOC content and C:N and POC:TOC ratios were low, indicating restricted root-derived C input. Conclusions Our data indicate that ongoing management in German agricultural soils mainly affects topsoil C, while C storage in subsoils reveals significant legacies from allochthonous, buried or translocated C inputs. Specific attention should be focused on the sustainable loosening of hardpans that could result in a slow, but significant increase in subsoil C stocks.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of carbon in agricultural soil profiles deduced from depth gradients of C:N ratios, carbon fractions, δ13C and δ15N values

2020

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“…To express relative isotope composition, the terms “light” and “heavy” are replaced for carbon, and instead “ 13 C-depleted” and “ 13 C-enriched” are used, respectively. The isotopic ratios of stable isotopes and their corresponding reference standard are shown in Table 1 [ 21 ].…”

Section: Standards and Notationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The degree to which the light or heavy isotope is preferentially integrated into a substance during a phase transition or chemical reaction can be determined by comparing isotope ratios of materials [ 1 , 20 ]. Although, temperature, reaction kinetics, and mass can all influence the degree of this preferential incorporation, knowing such ratios can provide us with insight into reaction mechanisms, formation temperatures, and other information regarding the evolving earth [ 1 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Isotope Geochemistry of the Organic Elements within Shales and Crude Oils: A Comprehensive Review

Ogbesejana

Liu

Ostadhassan³

2021

Molecules

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Over time, stable isotopes have proven to be a useful tool in petroleum geochemistry. However, there is currently insufficient literature on stable isotope geochemistry of the organic elements within shales and crude oils in many petroleum systems around the world. As a result, this paper critically reviews the early and recent trends in stable isotope geochemistry of organic elements in shales and crude oils. The bulk and compound-specific stable isotopes of H, C, and S, as well as their uses as source facies, depositional environments, thermal maturity, geological age, and oil–oil and oil–source rock correlation studies, are all taken into account. The applications of the stable isotopes of H and C in gas exploration are also discussed. Then, the experimental and instrumental approaches to the stable isotopes of H, C, and S, are discussed.

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“…We also ensured that sufficient 13 C labelling occurred by investigating 13 C incorporation within 8 h and 24 h of incubation with 13 C-CH3OH by subjecting the plant material (leaves, roots and rhizosphere soil) to further analyses or by examining their associated microbial communities using EA/IRMS (Supplementary Fig. S12, [84]. The δ 13 C values of 13 C-methanol-labelled leaves and root samples showed an almost 3-fold increase in 13 C between the 8 h and 24 h samples compared to unlabelled samples (Supplementary Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microbial Methanol Sink of a Grass and a Flower Host Species From a Temperate Grassland

Kanukollu¹,

Remus²,

Ruecker

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Managed grasslands are global sources of atmospheric methanol, which is one of the most abundant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere and promotes oxidative capacity for tropospheric and stratospheric ozone depletion. The phyllosphere is a favoured habitat of plant-colonizing methanol-utilizing bacteria. These bacteria also occur in the rhizosphere, but their relevance for methanol consumption and ecosystem fluxes is unclear. The estimated global methanol emission rate is considerably higher than those escaped into the atmosphere. Thus, methanol utilizers in the plant microbiota might be key for the mitigation of methanol emission through consumption. However, information about grassland plant microbiota members, their biodiversity and metabolic traits, and thus key actors in the global methanol budget is largely lacking.Results: We investigated the methanol utilization and consumption potentials of two common plant species (Festuca arundinacea and Taraxacum officinale) in a temperate and fertilized grassland. The selected grassland exhibited net methanol emission. The detection of 13C derived from 13C-methanol in 16S rRNA of the plant microbiota by stable isotope probing (SIP) revealed distinct methanol utilizer communities in the phyllosphere, roots and rhizosphere but not between plant host species. The phyllosphere was colonized by members of Gamma- and Betaproteobacteria. In the rhizosphere, 13C-labelled Bacteria were affiliated with Deltaproteobacteria, Gemmatimonadates, and Verrucomicrobiae. Less-abundant 13C-labelled Bacteria were affiliated with well-known methylotrophs of Alpha-, Gamma-, and Betaproteobacteria. Additional metagenome analyses of both plants were consistent with the SIP results and revealed Bacteria with methanol dehydrogenases (e.g., MxaF1 and XoxF1-5) of known but also unusual genera (i.e., Methylomirabilis, Methylooceanibacter, Gemmatimonas, Verminephrobacter). 14C-methanol tracing of alive plant material revealed divergent methanol oxidation rates in both plant species but similarly high rates in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere.Conclusions: The rhizosphere has been shown to be an overlooked hotspot for methanol consumption in grasslands. We also identified unusual methanol utilizers in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere. We did not observe a plant host-specific methanol utilizer community. Our results suggest a model for methanol turnover in which both the sources (plants) and sinks (microbiota) of a volatile are separated but in the same ecological unit.

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Applications of Stable Isotopes in Hydrocarbon Exploration and Environmental Forensics

Abstract: Hydrocarbon exploration and environmen-

Cited by 11 publications

References 171 publications

Origin of carbon in agricultural soil profiles deduced from depth gradients of C:N ratios, carbon fractions, δ13C and δ15N values

Origin of carbon in agricultural soil profiles deduced from depth gradients of C:N ratios, carbon fractions, δ13C and δ15N values

Stable Isotope Geochemistry of the Organic Elements within Shales and Crude Oils: A Comprehensive Review

Microbial Methanol Sink of a Grass and a Flower Host Species From a Temperate Grassland

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