Applications of Transistor-Based Biochemical Sensors

Abstract

Transistor-based biochemical sensors feature easy integration with electronic circuits and non-invasive real-time detection. They have been widely used in intelligent wearable devices, electronic skins, and biological analyses and have shown broad application prospects in intelligent medical detection. Field-effect transistor (FET) sensors have high sensitivity, reasonable specificity, rapid response, and portability and provide unique signal amplification during biochemical detection. Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) sensors are lightweight, flexible, foldable, and biocompatible with wearable devices. Organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) sensors convert biological signals in body fluids into electrical signals for artificial intelligence analysis. In addition to biochemical markers in body fluids, electrophysiology indicators such as electrocardiogram (ECG) signals and body temperature can also cause changes in the current or voltage of transistor-based biochemical sensors. When modified with sensitive substances, sensors can detect specific analytes, improve sensitivity, broaden the detection range, and reduce the limit of detection (LoD). In this review, we introduce three kinds of transistor-based biochemical sensors: FET, OFET, and OECT. We also discuss the fabrication processes for transistor sources, drains, and gates. Furthermore, we demonstrated three sensor types for body fluid biomarkers, electrophysiology signals, and development trends. Transistor-based biochemical sensors exhibit excellent potential in multi-mode intelligent analysis and are good candidates for the next generation of intelligent point-of-care testing (iPOCT).

Advances in pH Sensing: From Traditional Approaches to Next‐Generation Sensors in Biological Contexts

“…However, ISFETs-based biosensing devices hold great promise in various fields with numerous advantages due to their sensitivity, multiplexability, miniaturizability, and ability to be integrated into wearable milieu. [86,117,120,[214][215][216] However, they still face some issues of device instability, low current sensitivity, and sensitivity to light, etc. that lead to hysteresis and drift in ISFET-based PH sensors.…”

Field effect transistor based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring

“…Additionally, FETs can be divided into top-contact and bottom-contact types according to the contact positions of the semiconductor and source/drain electrodes. Source/drain electrodes are deposited on an insulating layer in the top-contact type, whereas the source/drain electrodes are positioned above semiconductor layers in the bottom-contact type [ 29 ]. Generally, top-contact structures have a lower contact resistance and a higher mobility due to the technology used to fabricate the sensors.…”

“…Solution-phase synthesis routes, such as sol–gel and hydrothermal synthesis, can be employed to produce many metal oxide nanostructures and thin films [ 43 ]. These solution-based methods provide a cost-effective approach to create a diverse array of metal oxide nanostructures with controllable properties [ 29 ].…”

“…Furthermore, phosphonate chemistry is less prone to self-condensation. In other words, phosphonic-acid-based reagents should minimize the amount of undesirable byproducts compared to organosilanes, leading to more predictable and controllable biofunctionalization processes [ 29 ]. In particular, Li et al [ 79 ] submerged In 2 O 3 nanowire into 3-phosphonopropionic acid, resulting in binding of the phosphonic acid into the surface of the semiconductor.…”

Fully Integrated Point-of-Care Platform for the Self-Monitoring of Phenylalanine in Finger-Prick Blood

“…Self-monitoring of biochemical markers is gaining traction in the clinical field to help enable better the personalized healthcare and telehealth. , Recent efforts have been focused on miniaturized sensors that can recognize biomarkers, through optical or electrochemical analyses, on the surface skin (wearable devices), − inside the body (implantable sensors), and on human fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine (portable sensors). , Biosensors for biomarker self-monitoring are achieved by combining key enabling technologies such as nanotechnology, nanomaterials, molecular biology, microfluidics, Internet-of-things, and artificial intelligence. − Their application has been proven effective in medical research and motivational for patients with chronic diseases. In this scenario, our team has developed innovative strategies for phenylalanine (Phe) monitoring in phenylketonuric patients based on colorimetric assay. , Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inherited metabolic disease belonging to the disorder of amino-acid metabolism.…”