Applications of X-ray Spectrometry

Microstructure of High‐Chromium Ferritic–Martensitic Steels for Next‐Generation Reactors

“…In our research, we have used X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), based on primary excitation of atoms in the sample by high-energy X-Ray radiation and subsequent deexcitation of atoms via characteristic radiation. [42,43] The aim of the article is to demonstrate the applicability of models based on the binomial distribution on ferriticmartensitic steels that have application potential as lining material for reactor pressure vessels, and to analyze the microstructural changes (phase composition and decomposition) in the bulk of steel due to thermal annealing at a temperature of 475 °C. The benefit of the applied binomial distribution model is the possibility of monitoring the changes of each individual spectral components after each annealing step.…”

“…In our research, we have used X‐Ray fluorescence (XRF), based on primary excitation of atoms in the sample by high‐energy X‐Ray radiation and subsequent deexcitation of atoms via characteristic radiation. [ 42,43 ]…”

Toward Establishing the Stability of Multi-Year Monitoring of Elements in Airborne Particles

“…It utilizes a side-window molybdenum anode X-ray tube operating at the maximum of 35 kV and 23 mA and a liquid nitrogen cooled Si(Li) detector with resolution of approximately 200 eV at the Mn Ka line and an active area of 80 mm 2 . The primary X-rays are filtered and collimated to be projected into the sample deposit area of approximately 3.5 cm 2 as an approximately centered, oval-shaped beam of area approximately 0.8 cm 2 . The conditions of analysis for all of the IMPROVE samples are constant and are described in more detail elsewhere.…”

“…[1][2][3] Crocker Nuclear Laboratory (CNL) performs routine EDXRF analysis for the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network. 4,5 Elements from nickel to zirconium and lead are determined with a molybdenum anode tube as the excitation source, and the lighter elements are determined using a copper anode tube.…”

Measurement of ηKLand ηKMvacancy transfer in CrxNi1−xand CrxAl1−xalloys

“…The multichannel wavelength instruments are used almost exclusively for routine, high-throughput analyses where the great need is for fast, accurate analysis, but where flexibility is of little importance. Energy dispersive spectrometers have the great advantage of being able to display information on all elements at the same time [1]. When an atom's K or L shell/subshell is ionized, it is deexcited through radiative or radiationless (Auger) transitions.…”