Applications, Operational Architectures and Development of Virtual Power Plants as a Strategy to Facilitate the Integration of Distributed Energy Resources

Sarmiento-Vintimilla, Juan C.; Larruskain, D.M.; Pérez-Molina, María José

doi:10.3390/en15030775

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Since then, the definition of a VPP has evolved to incorporate other technical aspects, including geographic considerations, coordination and communication protocols, enabling technologies, technical and economic objectives, operational modes, etc, see [22, Table 1] for a review of different characterizations of VPPs. However, while no single official definition of a VPP exists in the literature, a distinguishing feature in most characterizations of VPPs is their underlying ''software-based'' operation to aggregate and coordinate different heterogeneous distributed energy resources in order to achieve a common goal [22]. This level of coordination requires communication and realtime control technologies deployed in ''the cloud'', which, in turn, makes digital infrastructure and high-performance algorithms critical assets for the operation of VPPs.…”

Section: A Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control Systems for Low-Inertia Power Grids: A Survey on Virtual Power Plants

et al. 2023

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Virtual Power Plants (VPPs) have emerged as a modern real-time energy management architecture that seeks to synergistically coordinate an aggregation of renewable and non-renewable generation systems to overcome some of the fundamental limitations of traditional power grids dominated by synchronous machines. In this survey paper, we review the different existing and emerging feedback control mechanisms and architectures used for the real-time operation of VPPs. In contrast to other works that have mostly focused on the optimal dispatch and economical aspects of VPPs in the hourly and daily time scales, in this paper we focus on the dynamic nature of the system during the faster sub-hourly time scales. The virtual (i.e., software-based) component of a VPP, combined with the power plant (i.e., physics-based) components of the power grid, make VPPs prominent examples of cyber-physical systems, where both continuous-time and discrete-time dynamics play critical roles in the stability and transient properties of the system. We elaborate on this interpretation of VPPs as hybrid dynamical systems, and we further discuss open research problems and potential research directions in feedback control systems that could contribute to the safe development and deployment of autonomous VPPs.INDEX TERMS Smart grids, renewable energy, virtual power plant, feedback control, multi-agent hybrid dynamical systems.

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Section: A Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control Systems for Low-Inertia Power Grids: A Survey on Virtual Power Plants

et al. 2023

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“…Virtual power plants (VPPS) are based on a new type of coordinated control and energy management technology that brings together distributed energy sources (DER), energy storage systems (ESS), and controlled loads (CL) to participate in a variety of markets [1].Literature [2] proposes a coordinated control strategy for a VPP contribution to load frequency control. The considered VPP comprises distributed Battery Energy Storage Systems and Heat Pump Water Heaters [3][4].A technology VPP operation model has been developed to optimize the scheduling of various distributed energy sources operating in the day-ahead energy market [5].Literature [6] focuses on the development and scope of VPP as a strategy to promote the integration of DER in power systems. However, as more and more distributed power sources are integrated into the grid, the output of distributed power sources have a huge impact on the grid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel random optimal scheduling of virtual power plant with multiple wind farms

Zhang,

Cui,

Shi

et al. 2024

Eighth International Conference on Energy System, Electricity, and Power (ESEP 2023)

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With the improvement of the reliability and security requirements of the power grid, more and more distributed power sources are integrated into the power grid. There is a huge impact on the power grid to the output of distributed power sources .This paper proposed a random optimal scheduling mechanism for virtual power plants with multiple wind fields. Firstly, the optimal scheduling model of virtual power plant is proposed based on the maximum expected value of virtual power plant economic benefits. Secondly, in order to improve the efficiency of the virtual power plant stochastic optimal scheduling model, a particle swarm optimization algorithm based on ELM was proposed. Thirdly, a population evolution mechanism based on ELM is formed, which greatly improves the global convergence of the algorithm. Finally, the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm based on EIM is proved to have faster convergence speed and better global convergence than standard particle swarm optimization algorithm.

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“…In the state-of-the-art literature, there are many works that that focus on creating such VPPs and optimally interacting them in various smart energy grid scenarios [5,6]. At the same time there are multiple ways to create a VPP that offer solutions for the energy market such as energy service delivery, energy autonomy, energy community, energy management or energy optimization, each of them with different purposes and steps to achieve a balance in the markets [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virtual Power Plant Optimization in Smart Grids: A Narrative Review

2022

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Virtual power plants (VPPs) are promising solutions to address the decarbonization and energy efficiency goals in the smart energy grid. They assume the coordination of local energy resources such as energy generation, storage, and consumption. They are used to tackle problems brought by the stochastic nature of renewable energy, lack of energy storage devices, or insufficient local energy flexibility on the demand side. VPP modeling, management, and optimization are open to research problems that should consider, on one side, the local constraints in the operation of the energy resources and power flows and the energy grid’s sustainability objectives on the other side. There are multiple goals to create a VPP, such as to deliver energy services on a market or to the grid operator, to operate a microgrid in autonomy decoupled from the main grid, or to sustain local energy communities. In this paper, we present the results of a narrative review carried out on the domain of VPP optimization for the local energy grid integration. We have defined a search strategy that considers highly rated international databases (i.e., Elsevier, IEEE, and MDPI) in a six-year timeframe and applied objective inclusion/exclusion criteria for selecting articles and publications for the review; 95 articles have been analyzed and classified according to their objectives and solutions proposed for optimizing VPP integration in smart grids. The results of the study show that VPP concepts and applications are well addressed in the research literature, however, there is still work to be done on: engaging prosumers and citizens in such a virtual organization, developing heuristics to consider a wider range of local and global constraints and non-energy vectors, and to decentralize and make transparent the services delivery and financial settlement towards community members. This study can help researchers to understand the current directions for VPP integration in smart grids. As a next step we plan to further analyze the open research directions related to this problem and target the development of innovative solutions to allow the integration of multi-energy assets and management of cross energy sector services in energy communities.

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Applications, Operational Architectures and Development of Virtual Power Plants as a Strategy to Facilitate the Integration of Distributed Energy Resources

Cited by 30 publications

References 95 publications

Control Systems for Low-Inertia Power Grids: A Survey on Virtual Power Plants

Control Systems for Low-Inertia Power Grids: A Survey on Virtual Power Plants

A novel random optimal scheduling of virtual power plant with multiple wind farms

Virtual Power Plant Optimization in Smart Grids: A Narrative Review

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