Applying and Interpreting Statistics

McPherson, Glen

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3435-5

Cited by 32 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…Chi-square (χ 2 ), probability and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) values were determined in this context (McPherson, 2001;Armitage et al, 2002). The differences were significant at P < 0.05.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D dimorphism does not play a major role in the susceptibility of Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus patients

Lian¹,

Lau²,

Ching³

et al. 2012

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that causes systemic damage, involving auto-reactive antibodies and over-deposition of immune complexes. Susceptibility to SLE is believed to be multifactorial, and genetics is one of the proven etiological factors; it can affect SLE development, severity and prognosis. We investigated a possible association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and susceptibility to SLE in the Malaysian population. PCR was employed for the determination of I/D dimorphism of this gene. The I allele was more frequent than the D allele in both the SLE patients (N = 170) and healthy controls (N = 190). However, there was no significant difference in the distribution of these two alleles between both groups studied (χ 2 = 0.284, P > 0.05). Interestingly, the DD homozygous genotype scored notably higher in the healthy control group (χ 2 = 7.568, P < 0.05), while the ID heterozygote was observed to be significantly associated with SLE (χ 2 = 11.143, P < 0.05). In conclusion, with respect to the Malaysian population, the DD genotype might play a protective role in the development of SLE while in contrast, those who carry the ID genotype might be at potential risk for onset of this disease.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D dimorphism does not play a major role in the susceptibility of Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus patients

Lian¹,

Lau²,

Ching³

et al. 2012

Genet. Mol. Res.

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“…The parasites Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. were recovered quantitatively by using the method of Her Majesty's Stationery Office comprising filtration, density flotation, and immunofluorescence (15 for independence from the other samples by using the one-sided t test for two spot checks with different variances (24). The level of significance [P(␣)] was calculated after determination of the degrees of freedom.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff

Kistemann

Claßen

Koch

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

365

239

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Hygienic and microbiological examinations of watercourses are usually not carried out during heavy rainfall and runoff events. After rainfall or snowmelt, there are often massive increases in turbidity in flooding creeks in mountain ranges, which are frequently interpreted as an indication of microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to quantify the microbial loads of watercourses during such runoff events and to compare these loads with loads occurring during regular conditions. In a 14-month monitoring period we investigated the microbial loads of three tributaries of different drinking water reservoirs. A total of 99 water samples were taken under different runoff conditions and analyzed to determine physical, chemical, bacterial, and parasitic parameters. Thirty-two water samples were considered event samples during nine measuring series. The criteria for events, based on duration and intensity of precipitation, water depth gauge measurements, and dynamics, had been fixed before the investigation for each creek individually. Of the physical and chemical parameters examined, only the turbidity, pH, and nitrate values differed clearly from the values obtained for regular samples. Most of the bacteriological parameters investigated (colony, Escherichia coli, coliform, fecal streptococcal, and Clostridium perfringens counts) increased considerably during extreme runoff events. If relevant sources of parasitic contamination occurred in catchment areas, the concentrations of Giardia and Cryptosporidium rose significantly during events. The results show that substantial shares of the total microbial loads in watercourses and in drinking water reservoirs result from rainfall and extreme runoff events. Consequently, regular samples are considered inadequate for representing the microbial contamination of watercourse systems. The procedures for raw water surveillance in the context of multiple-barrier protection and risk assessment ought to include sampling during extreme runoff situations.In some regions of Germany surface reservoirs are the main source of drinking water. In the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, 60% of the drinking water production in 1999 was based on surface water resources (2). Surface water bodies are presumed to be more vulnerable to fecal contamination than groundwater reservoirs due to the absence of natural soil protection and filtration and the possibly short distances between the occurrence of contamination and water extraction. It is argued that especially in the case of heavy rainfall the microbial loads of running waters may suddenly increase substantially and reach reservoir bodies very quickly (18,19). For this reason monitoring microbiological raw water quality is an essential component of the protection strategy in catchment areas of surface drinking water reservoirs (8). In Germany, catchment areas of surface water supplies are usually protected by buffer zones, and the intensity of protection increases with proximity to the water body. Protection of entire catchment areas i...

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“…For each one of the four groups, a paired sample analysis is presented [10]. Table 2 shows the main statistics for LREG (number of cache lines used by the regular cache) minus LLSM (number of cache lines used by the LSM cache locking).…”

Section: Experiments Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Dynamic, Full Cache Locking and Genetic Algorithms for Cache Size Minimization in Multitasking, Preemptive, Real-Time Systems

Campoy

Rodríguez-Ballester

Carot

2013

Theory and Practice of Natural Computing

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Cache locking provides a high degree of predictability while system performance is maintained at a similar level to that provided by regular, highly unpredictable, non-locked cache. Cache locking may also be useful to reduce hardware costs by means of reducing the size of the cache memory needed to make a real-time system schedulable. This work shows how full, dynamic cache locking may help to reduce the size of the cache memory versus a regular cache. This reduction is possible thanks to a genetic algorithm that selects the set of instructions that have to be locked in cache to provide the maximum cache size minimization while keeping the system schedulable.

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Applying and Interpreting Statistics

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D dimorphism does not play a major role in the susceptibility of Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus patients

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D dimorphism does not play a major role in the susceptibility of Malaysian systemic lupus erythematosus patients

Microbial Load of Drinking Water Reservoir Tributaries during Extreme Rainfall and Runoff

Using Dynamic, Full Cache Locking and Genetic Algorithms for Cache Size Minimization in Multitasking, Preemptive, Real-Time Systems

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