With the rapid development of ICT, E-learning has experienced exponential growth and drastic transformation in past years (Yao et al, 2022). E-learning works on the model of virtual education. There are different formats, like fully online learning, hybrid learning model which uses the combination of in-person and online components, and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) which enable course engagement across the globe. The domain explores innovative pedagogical approaches. This chapter discusses various formats such as fully online courses, blended learning models, and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). It explores innovative pedagogical approaches, popular theories and adaptive technologies to cater to diverse learning styles, based on cognitive science principles. Chapter further highlights e-learning, its growth and transformation due to advancements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and important theoretical frameworks to understand the various components of e-learning. At the end of this chapter, challenges and future research directions are discussed.