Applying Incremental Sampling Methodology to Soils Containing Heterogeneously Distributed Metallic Residues to Improve Risk Analysis

Clausen, Jay L.; Georgian, Thomas; Gardner, Kevin H.; Douglas, Thomas A.

doi:10.1007/s00128-017-2252-x

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Range 4-3 is used by Army National Guard units for training with small-arms weapons systems, such as the M16 Rifle that fires a 4.5 cm long by 5.56 mm diameter (caliber) projectile round. Clausen et al [9,11] present additional information on the characteristics of the range. Camp Ethan Allen has a temperate climate with warm, humid summers and cold winters.…”

Section: Soil Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clausen et al [9] demonstrated a large number of grab samples (n > 35 at a minimum and preferably as many as several hundred) would be needed to address the large degree of spatial variability on small-arms ranges. The high uncertainties in metal concentrations associated with grab samples propagate to calculated exposure point concentrations used in risk assessments [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of milling on the metals analysis of soil samples containing metallic residues

Clausen¹,

Beal²,

Georgian³

et al. 2021

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Metallic residues are distributed heterogeneously onto small-arms range soils from projectile fragmentation upon impact with a target or berm backstop. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) can address the spatially heterogeneous contamination of surface soils on small-arms ranges, but representative kilogram-sized ISM subsamples are affected by the range of metallic residue particle sizes in the sample. This study compares the precision and concentrations of metals in a small-arms range soil sample processed by a puck mill, ring and puck mill, ball mill, and mortar and pestle prior to analysis. The ball mill, puck mill, and puck and ring mill produced acceptable relative standard deviations of less than 15% for the anthropogenic metals of interest (Lead (Pb), Antimony (Sb), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn)), with the ball mill exhibiting the greatest precision for Pb, Cu, and Zn. Precision by mortar and pestle, without milling, was considerably higher (40% to >100%) for anthropogenic metals. Media anthropogenic metal concentrations varied by more than 40% between milling methods, with the greatest concentrations produced by the puck mill, followed by the puck and ring mill and then the ball mill. Metal concentrations were also dependent on milling time, with concentrations stabilizing for the puck mill by 300 s but still increasing for the ball mill over 20 h. Differences in metal concentrations were not directly related to the surface area of the milled sample. Overall, the tested milling methods were successful in producing reproducible data for soils containing metallic residues. However, the effects of milling type and time on concentrations require consideration in environmental investigations.

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Section: Soil Sample Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of milling on the metals analysis of soil samples containing metallic residues

Clausen¹,

Beal²,

Georgian³

et al. 2021

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“…Overall, the manufacturer could use the Decision Framework to support and record their decision that use of the wastewater treatment system to treat wastewater containing the new explosive was an unacceptable risk and could not continue without mitigation (Figure 2). proven approaches such as multi-increment sampling that is designed to provide high confidence results (46). Laboratory analysis was conducted using proven techniques such as the EPA8330B extraction method, and robust soil preparation methods (47,48).…”

Section: Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

Decision Framework for the environmental management of explosive contaminated land

Ladyman

Temple

Piperakis

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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The environmental risks from explosive manufacturing and testing activities are usually evaluated using a qualitative process such as environmental impact prioritisation as recommended by legislation and guidance. However, standard environmental management system (EMS) guidance rarely provides detailed information on how to objectively assess the significance of the environmental impacts based on a rational scientific evidence. Quantitative exposure and ecotoxicity assessments are frequently used in combination with environmental threshold limit guidelines, but these omit important environmental impacts such as physical damage to land, nuisance and contribution to climate change. These impacts are particularly relevant to the explosives industry where noise nuisance and physical damage are given high priority. In addition, contamination from explosive compositions may comprise mixtures of multiple legacy and new generation explosives such as 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 5nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and nitroguandine (NQ), which may have combinedcombined impacts not captured by conventional eco-toxicity assessments. Further, threshold limits for energetic materials in soil and water have not been established for most nations. Additionally, in the explosive industry wider concerns such as legislative compliance and stakeholder concerns may help to provide a more broadly applicable assessment of environmental impact. Therefore in this study a novel decision framework was developed to integrate empirical

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“…Owing to the limitations of conducting toxicological health risk assessments in a population, the Monte Carlo simulation (mathematical and logical model) has been widely used in recent years. It was used to understand the behavior of water systems by assuming different problems and systems, showing an advantage over experiments ( Clausen et al, 2017 ; Sasaki et al, 2017 ). Moreover, the Monte Carlo simulation of uncertainties was applied in the risk assessment model by collecting limited samples to predict the overall situation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influencing factors and health risk assessment of microcystins in the Yongjiang river (China) by Monte Carlo simulation

Xiao

Chen

Mei

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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The Yongjiang river is a large, shallow, hyper-trophic, freshwater river in Guangxi, China. To investigate the presence of microcystin-RR, microcystin-LR, and microcystin-YR (MC-RR, MC-LR, and MC-YR) in the Yongjiang river and describe their correlation with environmental factors, as well as, assess health risk using Monte Carlo simulation, 90 water samples were collected at three sample points from March to December 2017. Results showed that during the monitoring period, total concentrations of MC-RR (TMC-RR), MC-YR (TMC-YR), and MC-LR (TMC-LR) varied from 0.0224 to 0.3783 μg/L, 0.0329 to 0.1433 μg/L, and 0.0341 to 0.2663 μg/L, respectively. Total phosphorus (TP) content appeared to be related to TMC-LR and the total concentrations of microcystins (TMCs), while pH and total nitrogen (TN)/TP ratio appeared to be related to TMC-RR and TMC-YR, respectively. Using the professional health risk assessment software @Risk7.5, the risks of dietary intake of microcystins (MCs), including the carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk, were evaluated. It was found that the carcinogenic risk of MC-RR from drinking water was higher than MC-LR and MC-YR, and the presence of MCs would lead to high potential health risks, especially in children. The carcinogenic risk of MC-RR to children was >1 × 10−4, the maximum allowance level recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency; as for adults, it was >5 × 10−5, the maximum allowance level recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) of MC-RR, MC-YR, and MC-LR increased successively, indicating that MC-LR was more hazardous to human health than MC-YR and MC-RR, but its HI was <1. This suggests that MCs pose less risk to health. However, it is necessary to strengthen the protection and monitoring of drinking water source for effective control of water pollution and safeguarding of human health.

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Applying Incremental Sampling Methodology to Soils Containing Heterogeneously Distributed Metallic Residues to Improve Risk Analysis

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Effects of milling on the metals analysis of soil samples containing metallic residues

Effects of milling on the metals analysis of soil samples containing metallic residues

Decision Framework for the environmental management of explosive contaminated land

Influencing factors and health risk assessment of microcystins in the Yongjiang river (China) by Monte Carlo simulation

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