“…In the study of Xie et al. (2021), cancellations and no-shows are considered synonymous and referred to as “missed appointments.” Some papers consider two features simultaneously, including both no-shows and late arrivals (Zacharias and Yunes, 2020; Jiang et al., 2019; Pan et al., 2021; Jouini et al., 2022), as well as the combination of no-shows and cancellations (Liu et al., 2010; Feldman et al., 2014; Diamant, 2021). However, there are limited studies that comprehensively address the triad of last-minute customer cancellations, late arrivals, and no-shows in the context of online appointment scheduling.…”