Appraisal of groundwater from lithological diversity of the western coastal part, Maharashtra, India: An integrated hydrogeochemical, geospatial and statistical approaches

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Shallow and Deep Groundwater in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, Northern China

“…All samples were analyzed for major ions, trace element and stable isotope (δ 18 O and δ 2 H) tests, except for 3 samples that did not pass the δ 18 O and δ 2 H isotope analyses due to damage during transportation. To obtain a representative groundwater sample, at least three well volumes of groundwater were pumped before sampling, and the sampling bottle was cleaned three times with the sample water.…”

“…Table 2 showed that the δ 18 O and δ 2 H values of shallow groundwater ranged from −8.8‰ to −7.7‰ and from −65.0‰ to −57.0‰, with mean values of −8.4‰ and −61.7‰, respectively. Meanwhile, the δ 18 O and δ 2 H values for deep groundwater from the recharge area (DGW1) varied from −9.5‰ to −9.2‰ and from −68.0‰ to −65.0‰, with mean values of −9.4‰ and −67.4‰, respectively. Similarly, deep groundwater from the runoff area (DGW2) ranged from −9.6‰ to −8.6‰ and from −69.0‰ to −64.0‰, with mean values of −9.3‰ and −67.5‰, respectively.…”

“…tributed in the bottom right of LMWL, indicating that the initial recharge sources were mainly meteoric water. Due to the strong evaporation effect, the measured δ 18 O and δ 2 H values were relatively heavy.…”

“…Hydrochemical indicators and isotope tools can serve as effective methods for solving complex hydrogeological problems [16]. Hydrogeochemical graphs, including the Piper diagram, Durov diagram, Gibbs diagram and ionic ratios diagrams, have been widely used to study the controlling mechanisms of hydrochemical evolution [17][18][19]. Stable isotopes are very useful in providing new insights into the process of hydrogeological evolution.…”

“…Stable isotopes are very useful in providing new insights into the process of hydrogeological evolution. For instance, 2 H and 18 O isotopes are ideal tracers for investigating the hydrological cycle, which can be applied to determine the origin of groundwater [20,21]. Additionally, multivariate statistical methods, such as factor analysis (FA), principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and discriminant analysis (DA), are widely used to analyze hydrochemical data through data reduction and classification techniques [22,23].…”