Appraisal of Pollution and Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Different Soils Collected around the Industrial Area

Abstract

It is imperative to understand the pollution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in different soils in order to determine the sustainable management approaches for soils. Potentially toxic elements (Fe, Mn, As, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cn, Co and Cd), and pH and organic carbon were determined in agricultural, non-agricultural and industrial soils of Indian, Punjab. The findings of PTEs indicated that industrial soils recorded highest concentration of PTEs followed by non-agricultural and agricultural soils. The percentage change recorded from agricultural to non-agricultural soils for PTEs were 3.19% for Fe, 25.3% for Mn, 63.8% for Cu, 13.5% for Cn, 49.8% for Pb, 79.6% for Ni, 35.8% for Co and 32% for Cd. From non-agricultural to industrial soils the percentage change observed for PTEs were 89% for Zn, 2.03% for Fe, 21.9% for Mn, 68.2% Cu, 9.2% for Cn, 35.8% for Pb, 18.4% for Co, 30.4% for Cd and 43.4% for As. The results of contamination factor, enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, pollution and modified pollution indices indicated that Cd and As showed severe contamination in all studied soil types. Ecological risk assessment results revealed that Cd exhibited very risk in different soil types. The outcomes of this study will aid in forming approaches to decline the perils allied with PTEs in soils, and produce guidelines to save the environs from long term accrual of PTEs.