Appraisal of selected techniques for the determination of lead and cadmium in waters by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Hunt, D. T. E.; Winnard, D. Alan

doi:10.1039/an9861100785

Cited by 22 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The first flush from the tap was collected to sample water that was standing over night. Analytical procedures followed the methodologies proposed by different authors according to the media in which lead was determined (10)(11)(12)(13). Internal quality control included calibration curves with lead standards.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of Lead Exposure in Mexico City

Romieu¹,

Palazuelos²,

Ávila³

et al. 1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources of Lead Exposure in Mexico City

Romieu¹,

Palazuelos²,

Ávila³

et al. 1994

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…26 The recommended single-element THGA conditions for the above elements revealed some differences in the electrothermal behaviors and chemical modifiers, 29 which may appear rather large and preclude successful multielement analyses. Initially, the selection of the atomization temperature at 2300 °C (for Cr and Ni having the highest atomization temperature) appears to indicate the use of non-optimum atomization conditions for the other elements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The determination of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in water samples using single detection by GFAAS has already been found in the literature [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and several modifiers are proposed. Ascorbic acid, 22 phosphoric acid, 23 ammonium phosphate 24 and lanthanum 25 have been used for lead.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ascorbic acid, 22 phosphoric acid, 23 ammonium phosphate 24 and lanthanum 25 have been used for lead. The mixture lanthanum-nitric acid has also been applied as modifier for the determination of cadmium in water 26 although ammonium phosphate/magnesium nitrate is the most used. 27 For Cr determinations, magnesium nitrate is recommended.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 The development of simple, fast and reliable analytical methods are very attractive for laboratories that routinely analyze mineral waters in large-scale. Because Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb are usually present at low concentrations in most mineral waters, the GFSIMAAS can be properly used for this quality control.The determination of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in water samples using single detection by GFAAS has already been found in the literature [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and several modifiers are proposed. Ascorbic acid, 22 phosphoric acid, 23 ammonium phosphate 24 and lanthanum 25 have been used for lead.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the mixtures ammonium phosphate/magnesium nitrate and palladium nitrate/magnesium nitrate as modifiers for simultaneous determination of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in mineral water by GFAAS

Filho¹,

Fernandes²,

Moraes³

et al. 2004

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Um método é descrito para a determinação simultânea de Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb em amostras de água mineral por espectrometria de absorção atômica em forno de grafite com um atomizador de grafite aquecido transversalmente (THGA) e um sistema de corretor de fundo por efeito Zeeman longitudinal. O comportamento eletrotérmico dos analitos durante as etapas de pirólise e atomização foi estudado sem modificador, na presença de 5 µg Pd e 3 µg Mg(NO 3 ) 2 e na presença de 50 µg NH 4 H 2 PO 4 e 3 µg Mg(NO 3 ) 2 . Um volume de 20 µL de uma solução 0,028 mol L -1 HNO 3 contendo 50 µg L -1 Ni e Pb, 10 µg L -1 Cr e 5 µg L -1 Cd foi dispensado dentro do tubo de grafite a 20 °C. A mistura paládio/magnésio foi selecionada como o melhor modificador. As temperaturas de pirólise e atomização foram fixadas em 1000 °C e 2300 °C, respectivamente. As massas características calculadas foram 2,2 pg Cd, 10 pg Cr, 42 pg Ni e 66 pg Pb, e o tempo de vida do tubo de grafite foi cerca de 600 queimas. , respectivamente. As recuperações de Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb adicionados a amostras de água mineral variaram dentro dos intervalos de 93-108%, 96-104%, 87-101% e 98-108%, respectivamente. Resultados de análises de materiais de referência padrão (National Institute of Standards and Technology: 1640-Trace Elements in Natural Water; 1643d-Trace Elements in Water) foram concordantes com seus valores certificados a um nível de confiança de 95%.A method is described for the simultaneous determination of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in mineral water samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with a transversely heated graphite atomizer (THGA) and a longitudinal Zeeman-effect background correction system. The electrothermal behavior of analytes during pyrolysis and atomization steps was studied without modifier, in presence of 5 µg Pd and 3 µg Mg(NO 3 ) 2 and in presence of 50 µg NH 4 H 2 PO 4 and 3 µg Mg(NO 3 ) 2 . A volume of 20 µL of a 0.028 mol L -1 HNO 3 solution containing 50 µg L -1 Ni and Pb, 10 µg L -1 Cr and 5 µg L -1 Cd was dispensed into the graphite tube at 20 °C. The mixture palladium/magnesium was selected as the optimum modifier. The pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were fixed at 1000 °C and 2300 °C, respectively. The characteristic masses were calculated as 2.2 pg Cd, 10 pg Cr, 42 pg Ni and 66 pg Pb and the lifetime of the graphite tube was around 600 firings. Limits of detection based on integrated absorbance were 0.02 µg The accurate determination of cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead in most environmental and food samples is of importance because of the toxicity of these elements and their compounds. 20 Drinking water is one of the main sources of exposure to inorganic trace contaminants because of the large volume consumed. 21 The development of simple, fast and reliable analytical methods are very attractive for laboratories that routinely analyze mineral waters in large-scale. Because Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb are usually present at low concentrations in most mineral waters, the GFSIMAAS can be properly used for this quality control.The determ...

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Flame and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis

Sperling¹

2000

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) is one of the most often used techniques for the quantitative determination of elements in environmental materials at trace and ultratrace levels. AAS is an optical atomic spectrometric technique based on the measurement of the specific absorption originating from free nonionized atoms in the gas phase. To transfer the analyte to free atoms, different types of atomizer are in use, the flame and the graphite furnace types being the most often used. Typical detection limits of flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) are of the order of 1–100 µg L −1 , making it a perfect tool for the determination of minor and trace elements, at least for contaminated samples. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), offering detection limits which are about a factor of 20–200 lower than for FAAS, is the standard method for many trace elements, especially for background values, and for unpolluted samples, such as fresh water and biological materials. AAS in its conventional configuration is a single‐element technique, which has to be used in a sequential mode when more than one element has to be determined. However, there are commercial instruments available that can be used for the determination of 6–8 elements simultaneously.

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Appraisal of selected techniques for the determination of lead and cadmium in waters by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Cited by 22 publications

References 1 publication

Sources of Lead Exposure in Mexico City

Sources of Lead Exposure in Mexico City

Evaluation of the mixtures ammonium phosphate/magnesium nitrate and palladium nitrate/magnesium nitrate as modifiers for simultaneous determination of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in mineral water by GFAAS

Flame and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis

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