Approach for Designing Real-Time IoT Systems

Abstract

Along with the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology over the past few years, opportunities for its implementation in service areas that require real-time requirements have begun to be recognized. In this regard, one of the most important criteria is to maintain Quality of Service (QoS) parameters at an appropriate and sufficiently high level. The QoS level should ensure the delivery of data packets in the shortest time possible while preventing critical parameters relevant to real-time transmission from being exceeded. This article proposes a new methodology for designing real-time IoT systems. The premise of the proposed approach is to adapt selected solutions used in other types of systems working with real-time requirements. Some analogy to embedded systems with a distributed architecture has been noted and used in this regard. The main differences from the concept of built-in systems can primarily be seen in the communication layer. The methodology proposed in this article is based on the authors’ proposed model of real-time system functional specification and its mapping to the IoT architecture. In addition, the developed methodology makes extensive use of selected IoT architecture elements described in this article, as well as selected task scheduling methods and communication protocols. The proposed methodology for designing RTIoT systems is based on dedicated transmission serialization methods and dedicated routing protocols. These methods ensure that the time constraints for the assumed bandwidth of IoT links are met by appropriately prioritizing transmissions and determining communication routes. The presented approach can be used to design a broad class of RTIoT systems.

Blockchain-Enhanced Sensor-as-a-Service (SEaaS) in IoT: Leveraging Blockchain for Efficient and Secure Sensing Data Transactions

“…In all real-world cases, there is an eventual anticipation for autonomous and continuous operations to be performed by smart contracts without involving human interaction. A discussion of such a form of real-time design methods has also been carried out in the existing literature (e.g., Deniziak et al [18], He et al [21], and Albulayhi and Alsukayti [24]) where it was learned that a smart contract executes its actions upon fulfillment of its specified conditions.…”

“…Architecture-focused methods: These methods aim to develop IoT architectures for managing large volumes of sensing data in real time [18]. Chiti and Gandini [19] focused on enhancing interoperability in IoT architecture through distributed ledger services, which may need further attention to the complexities in maintaining a decentralized environment.…”

Real-time Communication Model for IoT Systems

“…1): the Sensor Layer (SL), the Edge Layer (EL), the Cloud Layer (CL) and the User Layer (UL) Graph given in Fig. 2 describes the main function of a smart city system for managing parking spaces [9]. The user activated task graph specifies the following system functionalities: searching for the parking space closest to the user's current location, the function of finding the user's car in the parking lot based on their license plate number, the function of reserving any free parking space based on the entered search criteria, the function of charging a parking fee for the used parking lot, and the function of retrieving information on weather conditions.…”

“…Therefore, it is necessary to undertake research work to develop methods and technologies to build IoT applications that meet real-time requirements. The first stage of this work was the development of the RTIoT system design methodology by the authors [9].…”