Approaches in the Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer

Abstract

Nanotechnology in bioscience and therapeutics has advanced tremendously in this decade. Many nanoparticle formulations as well as passive and active targeted agents have been developed and proved effective preclinically in proof-of-concept models of different cancers.Many of these formulations use polymer nanoparticles, liposomes, bubkyballs, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, isotope tags, and PEG compounds. In effect, nanoparticle formulations have become the norm in chemoprevention. In this paper we review nanoformulations of bioactive compounds that have been tested for their potential mechanistic antiproliferative activity in breast cancer. We also discuss the possibility of enhancing the activity of these compounds using different innovative bioconjugation methods. Citation: Dileep KV, Kelly M, Hardin E, Sadasivan C, Nair HB (2013) Approaches in the Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer. J Cancer Sci Ther 5: 282-288. doi:10.4172/1948-5956.1000217 Volume 5 number of bound reporter metal atoms per vesicle and decrease dosage without compromising signal intensity. Adding specific targeted moieties to the liposomes also could improve the targeting of contrast agents designed for breast cancer imaging. Another research group has recently reported monoclonal antibody to 2C5 (mAb2C5) that can specifically detect tumor cells, leaving the normal cells behind [9]. It is claimed that these liposomes are capable of specifically delivering diagnostic moieties to various tumors with short image acquisition time. Another group has showed PEGylated immunoliposomes labeled with 99 Tc, surface conjugated with F fragment of GAH mAb, could target human gastric cancer in a murine model [10]. Some other studies investigating immunotargeted liposomes for MR imaging enhanced their contrast using gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-complex) [11]. MRI signal amplification is also achieved by combining PAP and Gd moietiesin mAb2C5-modified antibodies [12]. Superior in vivo tumor accumulation of mAb2C5 in mouse models of murine Lewis lung carcinoma has been achieved by modified PAP-containing pegylated liposomes, enabling faster detection of the solid tumors [13]. Use of primary and secondary antibodies for increasing the contrast has also been tested. Typically in this inverse imaging technique, patients will receive first antitumor antibody systemically for tumor imaging. This is followed by a second antibody, encapsulated in liposomes directed against the first antibody, which enhances reticuloendothelial (RES) clearance of the first antibody, enabling distinction between normal and tumor tissues [14]. This technology has stability issues with its secondary antibody and needs to be further refined for clinical diagnostic use. Approaches in the Chemoprevention of Breast Cancer Journal ofQuantum dots: Quantum dots (QD) became powerful tools to improve molecular imaging and diagnostics as a result of their unique photophysical properties [15][16][17]. The unique features of QD are resistance to photo bleaching high signal ...