Appropriate Analytical Methods Are Necessary to Assess Nontarget Effects of Insecticidal Proteins in Gm Crops Through Meta-Analysis (Response to Andow et al. 2009)

Shelton, Anthony M.; Naranjo, Steven E.; Romeis, Jörg; Hellmich, Richard L.; Wolt, Jeffrey D.; Federici, Brian A.; Albajes, R.; Bigler, F.; Burgess, Elisabeth P. J.; Dively, Galen P.; Gatehouse, Angharad M. R.; Malone, Louise A.; Roush, Richard T.; Sears, M. K.; Sehnal, František; Ferry, Nicolas; Bell, Howard A.

doi:10.1603/022.038.0603

Cited by 31 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Lovei et al [120] recently carried out a meta-analysis in an attempt to summarize the published literature on the impact of GM plants on arthropod natural enemies from laboratory-based experiments. However, their findings were considered by many to be misleading since important methodological limitations relative to risk assessment led the authors to reach conclusions that were in conflict with those of several recent comprehensive reviews and meta-analyses concerning the effects of Cry proteins on natural enemies [121].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Insect-resistant biotech crops and their impacts on beneficial arthropods

Gatehouse

Ferry

Edwards

et al. 2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

105

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With a projected population of 10 billion by 2050, an immediate priority for agriculture is to achieve increased crop yields in a sustainable and cost-effective way. The concept of using a transgenic approach was realized in the mid-1990s with the commercial introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops. By 2010, the global value of the seed alone was US $11.2 billion, with commercial biotech maize, soya bean grain and cotton valued at approximately US $150 billion. In recent years, it has become evident that insect-resistant crops expressing δ -endotoxin genes from Bacillus thuringiensis have made a significant beneficial impact on global agriculture, not least in terms of pest reduction and improved quality. However, because of the potential for pest populations to evolve resistance, and owing to lack of effective control of homopteran pests, alternative strategies are being developed. Some of these are based on Bacillus spp. or other insect pathogens, while others are based on the use of plant- and animal-derived genes. However, if such approaches are to play a useful role in crop protection, it is desirable that they do not have a negative impact on beneficial organisms at higher trophic levels thus affecting the functioning of the agro-ecosystem. This widely held concern over the ecological impacts of GM crops has led to the extensive examination of the potential effects of a range of transgene proteins on non-target and beneficial insects. The findings to date with respect to both commercial and experimental GM crops expressing anti-insect genes are discussed here, with particular emphasis on insect predators and parasitoids.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Insect-resistant biotech crops and their impacts on beneficial arthropods

Gatehouse

Ferry

Edwards

et al. 2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

105

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“…Instead, one must measure whether the distribution of observed effect sizes are normally distributed, as predicted under the null hypothesis that none of the observed effects are signiÞcantly nonzero. We provide here a technical clariÞcation of our calculations, respond to two comments by Shelton et al (2009b), and clarify the theory underlying our statistical tests.…”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 87%

“…If g rse is not normally distributed around zero, then the null hypothesis is false, and we must conclude that some of the real responses (means) are nonzero. For Case II, the analyst cannot conclude that there are multiple populations (as suggested by Shelton et al 2009b), because this assumption is already part of the null hypothesis.…”

Section: To the Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Cry Toxins in Transgenic Plants Have Direct Effects on Natural Enemies in the Laboratory

Andow¹,

Löveï²

2012

Environ Entomol

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“…However, such effects can usually be traced back to the poor quality of the host used and do not demonstrate any toxicity to the natural enemy by the Bt protein itself (Shelton et al 2009, Romeis et al 2013). In the current study, acquisition of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab by T. tabaci, a nontarget pest on BG-II cotton, and the further transmission of the proteins to O. insidiosus, were conÞrmed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Bt Cotton on <I>Thrips tabaci</I> (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Its Predator, <I>Orius insidiosus</I> (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

Kumar¹,

Tian²,

Naranjo³

et al. 2014

j econ entomol

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Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate tritrophic transfer of insecticidal Cry proteins from transgenic cotton to an herbivore and its predator, and to examine effects of these proteins on the predatorÕs development, survival, and reproduction. Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produced in Bollgard-II (BG-II, Event 15985) cotton plants were acquired by Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), an important sucking pest of cotton, and its generalist predator, Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). The average protein titers in BG-II cotton leaves were 1,256 and 43,637 ng Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab per gram fresh leaf tissue, respectively. At the second trophic level, larvae of T. tabaci reared on BG-II cotton for 48 Ð96 h had 22.1 and 2.1% of the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab levels expressed in leaves, respectively. At the third trophic level, O. insidiosus that fed on T. tabaci larvae had 4.4 and 0.3% of the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab protein levels, respectively, expressed in BG-II plants. O. insidiosus survivorship, time of nymphal development, adult weight, preoviposition and postoviposition periods, fecundity, and adult longevity were not adversely affected owing to consumption of T. tabaci larvae that had fed on BG-II cotton compared with non-Bt cotton. Our results indicate that O. insidiosus, a common predator of T. tabaci, is not harmed by BG-II cotton when exposed to Bt proteins through its prey. Thus, O. insidiosus can continue to provide important biological control services in the cotton ecosystem when BG-II cotton is used to control primary lepidopteran pests.

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Appropriate Analytical Methods Are Necessary to Assess Nontarget Effects of Insecticidal Proteins in Gm Crops Through Meta-Analysis (Response to Andow et al. 2009)

Cited by 31 publications

References 39 publications

Insect-resistant biotech crops and their impacts on beneficial arthropods

Insect-resistant biotech crops and their impacts on beneficial arthropods

Cry Toxins in Transgenic Plants Have Direct Effects on Natural Enemies in the Laboratory

Effects of Bt Cotton on <I>Thrips tabaci</I> (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Its Predator, <I>Orius insidiosus</I> (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

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