Appropriate Human Serum Albumin Fluid Therapy and the Alleviation of COVID-19 Vulnerabilities: An Explanation of the HSA Lymphatic Nutrient Pump

Johnson, Andrew S.; Polese, Gianluca; Johnson, Max; Winlow, William

doi:10.3390/covid2100099

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…So, in presence of an increase of CRP level, a decrease of albumin and γ-globulin levels leads to a chance of having an asymptomatic status. In contrast with our results, several authors noticed that low level of serum albumin is a predictor of vulnerability to COVID-19 [45,46] and hypogammaglobulinemia associated to a poor outcome in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in a nonintensive care setting [47]. This contradiction may be justified by the difference in sample sizes or by the location of study site.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Hypoalbuminemia, Hyper-a-1/–a-2-Globulinemia Associated with High CRP and IL-6 in COVID-19 Patients in Togo

Katawa,

Halatoko,

Tchopba

et al. 2023

AustinJInfectDis

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Introduction: COVID-19, a viral infectious disease that has caused the global health crisis, is characterized by inflammatory responses. It remains necessary to provide other biomarkers for the pronostic of the disease. Aim: To determine inflammatory biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease and its severity in Togo. Methods: Total proteins, C-reactive protein, protein fractions, TNF-a and IL-6 were measured in the serum of COVID-19 positive subjects by respectively Biuret method, immunoturbidimetry, serum protein electrophoresis by capillary method, and sandwich ELISA technique. Logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS software. Results: In total, 74 samples were included, among which COVID-19 symptomatic (n=26), asymptomatic (n=18) and COVID-19 negative (n=30). Symptomatic subjects were significantly more aged than other groups, with mean age of 46.31±15.60 years. Data showed elevated total protein in asymptomatic COVID-19; increased a-1 and a-2 globulin concentration and low albumin level in COVID-19 positive patients; high level of a-1 and a-2 globulin associated with a low level of albumin in symptomatic COVID-19 positive subjects; and symptomatic COVID-19 were characterized by elevated CRP level. Logistic regression analysis revealed that increase of IL-6 level was associated with COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: This study showed that COVID-19 disease is characterized by an upregulation of CRP, IL-6, a-1 and a-2 globulins; and a low level of albumin. The increase in IL-6 level enhances the chance of having COVID-19. Thus these biomarkers may serve as biochemical and serological markers of probable COVID-19 disease.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Hypoalbuminemia, Hyper-a-1/–a-2-Globulinemia Associated with High CRP and IL-6 in COVID-19 Patients in Togo

Katawa,

Halatoko,

Tchopba

et al. 2023

AustinJInfectDis

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“…During illness and old age, the systemic changes originating from loss of albumin (HSA) binding cause cumulative cellular changes (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). These changes are reflected in the ability of the liver to maintain levels needed for systemic delivery of almost all nutrients including gaseous exchange (2,3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Mortality by Human Serum Albumin

Johnson¹,

Winlow²

2023

Preprint

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Human serum albumin (HSA) is the ultimate, homeostatic determinant of fluid volume (FV) in all compartments of the body. The ability to change the pressure and flow of nutrient medium to cellular structures selectively has clinical significance in almost all areas of clinical medicine. We have shown that present fluid therapy (FT) using either colloid or saline dilutes nutrients. HSA binds and delivers nutrients, a lack of HSA binding causes Albumin Binding Disease (ABD) changing both colloidal pressure and nutrients leading to symptoms of sepsis. A reduction in HSA binding can be through lack of HSA or external ligands taking up binding sites on HSA. Many diseases cause ABD when immunoglobulins, infectious particles and by products bind to HSA including COVID-19 and other bacterial diseases like streptococcus as well as metabolic and cardiac disease due to incorrect pressure and nutrients. To raise HSA binding potential and remove vulnerabilities to these diseases we propose raising HSA. We show how present methods of fluid therapy (FT) are inefficient in that control of both pressure and nutrients forms initial equilibrium in the liver. HSA production and binding to nutrients is maintained at a level by the pressure in hepatocytes with the pancreatic and adrenal hormones moderating. Glucose and Ke-tone production are critical in the management of HSA binding and control of blood, colloidal pressure, and health of cells. Ketones provide a distinct mechanism of liver to lungs-heart metabolism during hypoglycaemia and activity. This known chain of nutrition becomes critical during disease like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) when ketones may be overproduced. HSA must therefore be infused into the liver to raise HSA levels safely. We investigated the control of HSA as a product of the actions of pressure in hepatocytes and changes in pancreatic and adrenal hormones. We found that in addition to pressure during glucose abundancy HSA is re-leased with ketones on administration of insulin and consider that this mechanism retains HSA moderation. HSA can therefore be increased by increasing insulin in the presence of glucose in the correct amounts. We suggest a protocol to increase FV, blood, lymph volume by infusion of HSA, insulin, and glucose direct to the liver so that the level of HSA stabilises. We suggest this will raise all other nutrients in the new FV, blood, lymph culminating in the creation of new blood cells. We propose that in a clinical situation maintaining this protocol will alleviate the symptoms of ABD and decrease the likelihood of serious illness and death.

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COVID‐19 vaccine adverse events: Evaluating the pathophysiology with an emphasis on sulfur metabolism and endotheliopathy

du Preez,

Lin,

Maguire

et al. 2024

Eur J Clin Investigation

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In this narrative review, we assess the pathophysiology of severe adverse events that presented after vaccination with DNA and mRNA vaccines against COVID‐19. The focus is on the perspective of an undersulfated and degraded glycocalyx, considering its impact on immunomodulation, inflammatory responses, coagulation and oxidative stress. The paper explores various factors that lead to glutathione and inorganic sulfate depletion and their subsequent effect on glycocalyx sulfation and other metabolites, including hormones. Components of COVID‐19 vaccines, such as DNA and mRNA material, spike protein antigen and lipid nanoparticles, are involved in possible cytotoxic effects. The common thread connecting these adverse events is endotheliopathy or glycocalyx degradation, caused by depleted glutathione and inorganic sulfate levels, shear stress from circulating nanoparticles, aggregation and formation of protein coronas; leading to imbalanced immune responses and chronic release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, ultimately resulting in oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. By understanding the underlying pathophysiology of severe adverse events, better treatment options can be explored.

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Appropriate Human Serum Albumin Fluid Therapy and the Alleviation of COVID-19 Vulnerabilities: An Explanation of the HSA Lymphatic Nutrient Pump

Cited by 3 publications

References 65 publications

Hypoalbuminemia, Hyper-a-1/–a-2-Globulinemia Associated with High CRP and IL-6 in COVID-19 Patients in Togo

Hypoalbuminemia, Hyper-a-1/–a-2-Globulinemia Associated with High CRP and IL-6 in COVID-19 Patients in Togo

Control of Mortality by Human Serum Albumin

COVID‐19 vaccine adverse events: Evaluating the pathophysiology with an emphasis on sulfur metabolism and endotheliopathy

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