Appropriate Slice Location to Assess Maximal Cross-sectional Area of Individual Rotator Cuff Muscles in Normal Adults and Athletes

Yanagisawa, Osamu; Dohi, Michiko; Okuwaki, Toru; Tawara, Noriyuki; Niitsu, Mamoru; Takahashi, Hideyuki

doi:10.2463/mrms.8.65

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Yanagisawa et al13 reported that the CSA of the supraspinatus muscle is maximal at the scapular notch and Thomazeau et al reported that the maximal CSA is found at the Y-view 10. However, because of the difficulty in measuring the supraspinatus thickness by US at the Y-view, we measured the supraspinatus thickness by US at the scapular notch and assessed its correlation with the CSA measured at the scapular notch and Y-view by MRI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Yanagisawa et al13 used shoulder MRI to investigate the maximal CSA of the supraspinatus muscle and reported that the greatest CSA was measured at the scapular notch. Therefore, we considered the scapula notch to be a good site for measurement of the CSA for assessment of the supraspinatus muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MRI is considered to be the best method for obtaining clear images of soft tissue 15. Yanagisawa et al13 reported that the supraspinatus muscle at the scapular notch has the largest cross sectional area (CSA) and Lieber reported that muscle size has a pronounced influence on muscle function 16. Therefore, measuring the CSA of the supraspinatus muscle at the scapular notch may be useful in evaluating the muscle's atrophy and function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability of the Supraspinatus Muscle Thickness Measurement by Ultrasonography

Han

Kim

et al. 2012

Ann Rehabil Med

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ObjectiveTo assess the intrarater and interrater reliability of the supraspinatus thickness measured by ultrasonography (US) in normal subjects and to identify the relationship between the supraspinatus thickness measured by US and cross sectional area (CSA) of the supraspinatus muscle by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in hemiplegic patients.MethodWe examined 20 shoulders of normal subjects and 10 shoulders of hemiplegic patients. In normal subjects, one examiner measured the supraspinatus thickness twice by US at the scapular notch and another examiner measured the supraspinatus thickness several days later. The intrarater and interrater reliability of supraspinatus thickness measurements were then evaluated. In hemiplegic patients, the supraspinatus thickness at the scapular notch was measured by US in affected side and compared with CSA of the supraspinatus muscle at the scapular notch and the Y-view of MRI.ResultsOne examiner's supraspinatus thickness measurement average was 1.72±0.21 cm and 1.74±0.24 cm, and the other examiner's supraspinatus thickness measurement average was 1.74±0.22 cm in normal subjects. Intraclass correlation coefficients of intrarater and interrater examination were 0.91 and 0.88, respectively. For hemiplegic patients, the supraspinatus thickness measured by US was 1.66±0.13 cm and CSA by MRI was 4.83±0.88 cm2 at the Y-view and 5.61±1.19 cm2 at the scapular notch. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient between the supraspinatus thickness at the scapular notch and the CSA at the Y-view was 0.72 and that between the supraspinatus thickness and CSA at the scapular notch was 0.76.ConclusionThe supraspinatus thickness measurement by US is a reliable method and is positively correlated with the CSA of the supraspinatus muscle in MRI in hemiplegic patients. Therefore, supraspinatus thickness measurement by US can be used in the evaluation of muscle atrophy and to determine therapeutic effects in hemiplegic patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability of the Supraspinatus Muscle Thickness Measurement by Ultrasonography

Han

Kim

et al. 2012

Ann Rehabil Med

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“…In clinical practice, the anatomical cross‐sectional areas (ACSAs) of the RC muscles have been frequently evaluated in elderly subjects with tears in the RC tendons, especially the supraspinatus tendon (Zanetti et al, ; Shimizu et al, ; Gerber et al, ; Shen et al, ). In addition, the sizes and/or moment arms of RC muscles have been determined by MRI in healthy adult subjects (Juul‐Kristensen et al, ; Holzbaur et al, ; Vidt et al, ) or in various athletes with no history of shoulder injury (Yanagisawa et al, ). Moreover, Zanetti et al () demonstrated that the ACSAs of the supraspinatus and subscapularis progressively decrease in relation to increasing age in 70 asymptomatic subjects (35 men and 35 women, aged 21–70 years).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the morphology of the rotator cuff muscles across age groups

2013

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We aimed at investigating the morphological difference of the rotator cuff (RC) muscles among age groups from elementary school students to college students. The subjects included 10 college (22.6 ± 1.8 years), 10 high school (16.8 ± 0.6 years), 10 junior high school (13.9 ± 0.6 years), and 10 elementary school (10.4 ± 0.5 years) students. Consecutive oblique sagittal magnetic resonance T1 -weighted images of the dominant shoulder were acquired for each participant. Muscle length, maximal anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), the position of the maximal ACSA at full muscle length, muscle volume, and the individual-to-total RC muscle volume ratio for the supraspinatus, external rotators (infraspinatus and teres minor), and subscapularis were evaluated. The muscle length, maximal ACSA, and muscle volume in the RC muscles significantly increased with increasing age (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference between college and high school students except in regard to the volume of the external rotators. There was no difference in the position of the maximal ACSA or the individual-to-total RC muscle volume ratio among the groups. The findings of this study show that the size of each RC muscle increases with increasing age, but the position of maximal ACSA and the proportion of each muscle to the total RC muscle volume are similar among age groups from elementary school students to college students.

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“…First, at the most lateral slice where the corpus scapulae and the spina scapulae had a Y-shaped appearance [ 18 ] and the spongiosa of the spina scapulae was observed (referred to as the “y-position”, Fig 2 ). Second, at a more medial slice, according to the method described by Yanagisawa et al[ 19 ] (referred to as the “set position”). The CSA of the supraspinatus muscle was measured 31 mm in males and 27 mm in females medial to the center of the glenoid cavity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Sectional Area of the Rotator Cuff Muscles in MRI – Is there Evidence for a Biomechanical Balanced Shoulder?

et al. 2016

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ObjectiveTo provide in-vivo evidence for the common biomechanical concept of transverse and craniocaudal force couples in the shoulder that are yielded by both the rotator cuff muscles (RCM) and the deltoid and to quantitatively evaluate and correlate the cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the corresponding RCM as a surrogate marker for muscle strength using MRI.Materials and MethodsFifty patients (mean age, 36 years; age range, 18–57 years; 41 male, 9 female) without rotator cuff tears were included in this retrospective study. Data were assessed by two readers. The CSA (mm2) of all rotator cuff muscles was measured on parasagittal T1-weighted FSE sequence at two different positions (at the established “y-position” and at a more medial slice in the presumably maximal CSA for each muscle, i.e., the “set position”). The CSA of the deltoid was measured on axial intermediate-weighted FSE sequences at three positions. CSA measurements were obtained using 1.5 Tesla MR-arthrographic shoulder. Pearson’s correlation for the corresponding CSA of the force couple as well as was the intraclass correlation coefficient for the inter- and intra-reader agreement was calculated.ResultsThe mean CSA was 770 mm2 (±167) and 841 mm2 (±191) for the supraspinatus (in the y- and set-positions, respectively) and 984 mm2 (±241) and 1568 mm2 (±338) for the infraspinatus. The mean CSA was 446 mm2 (±129) and 438 mm2 (±128) for the teres minor (in the y- and set-positions, respectively) and 1953 mm2 (±553) and 2343 mm2 (±587) for the subscapularis. The three measurements of the deltoid revealed a CSA of 3063 mm2 (±839) for the upper edge, 3829 mm2 (±836) for the lower edge and 4069 mm2 (±937) for the middle of the glenoid. At the set position Pearson’s correlation of the transverse force couple (subscapularis/infraspinatus) showed a moderate positive correlation of r = 0.583 (p<0.0001) and a strong correlation when the CSA of the teres minor was added to the infraspinatus CSA (r = 0.665, p = 0.0008) and a strong positive correlation of the craniocaudal force couple (supraspinatus/deltoid) that ranged from r = 0.565–0.698 (p<0.0001). Inter-reader agreement (ranged from 0.841 to 0.997, p = 0.0007) and intra-reader agreement were excellent (ranged from 0.863 to 0.999, p = 0.0006).ConclusionThe significant correlation of the CSA of the RCM that form the transverse (subscapularis/infraspinatus-teres minor) and craniocaudal (supraspinatus/deltoid) force couple measured by MR-arthrography supports the biomechanical concept of a dynamically balanced shoulder in patients with an intact rotator cuff.

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Appropriate Slice Location to Assess Maximal Cross-sectional Area of Individual Rotator Cuff Muscles in Normal Adults and Athletes

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Reliability of the Supraspinatus Muscle Thickness Measurement by Ultrasonography

Reliability of the Supraspinatus Muscle Thickness Measurement by Ultrasonography

Comparison of the morphology of the rotator cuff muscles across age groups

Cross-Sectional Area of the Rotator Cuff Muscles in MRI – Is there Evidence for a Biomechanical Balanced Shoulder?

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