Approximate expressions for lightning electromagnetic fields at near and far ranges: Influence of return‐stroke speed

Chen, Yazhou; Wang, Xiao-Jia; Rakov, Vladimir A.

doi:10.1002/2014jd022867

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…According to the transmission line (TL) model, the peak current of each return stroke can be estimated using the field‐to‐current conversion equation I = (2 πε 0 c 2 DE )/ v [ Mallick et al ., ; Chen et al ., ], where I is the peak current, ε 0 is the permittivity of free space, c is the speed of light, D is the distance from the observation site to the lightning channel, E is the initial amplitude of electric field change [ Lin et al ., ], and ν is the return stroke speed. Rakov [] reported that the negative return stroke speed within the bottom 100 m of channel or so is between c /3 and 2 c /3.…”

Section: Observation and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between the spectral features and electric field changes of multiple return strokes in negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning

et al. 2017

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Using high time‐resolved spectra and simultaneous records of the electric field change of three negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning flashes with multiple return strokes, the correlations between the total intensity of ionic lines in the spectra and the corresponding amplitude of the initial electric field change, as well as between the total intensity of the spectra and the channel apparent diameter, have been analyzed. The analysis shows the following: (1) The amplitude of the initial electric field change is roughly proportional to the total intensity of ionic lines. (2) The total intensity of the spectra shows a significant linear correlation with the apparent diameter of the channel. (3) The total intensity of ionic lines for 17 analyzed return strokes decreases with increasing height along the channel, which is consistent with the current variation along the channel in the modified transmission line model; the Master, Uman, Lin, and Standler model; and the Diendorfer‐Uman model. Meanwhile, the total intensity of ionic lines for other two analyzed return strokes along the channel without attenuation, this is consistent with the current variation along the channel in the Bruce‐Golde model, the transmission line model, and the Traveling Current Source model.

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Section: Observation and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation between the spectral features and electric field changes of multiple return strokes in negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning

et al. 2017

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“…It can also be seen from Equation 4, with the increase of distance R, especially at distances R beyond some tens of kilometers, compared with the electrostatic field (related to R −2 term) and the induction field (related to R −3 term), the radiation field (related to R −1 term) gradually becomes the dominant component of the total electromagnetic field generated by the lightning RS (Y. Chen et al, 2015;Uman et al, 1975), and the effect of electrostatic and induction terms is gradually weakened, even negligible (Rachidi et al, 2002).…”

Section: Influence On Different E-field Componentsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Estimation of Return Stroke Velocity by Time‐Reversal Reconstruction of Channel Feature Points

Liu

Shi

et al. 2022

JGR Atmospheres

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In order to better understand the process of the return stroke (RS), based on the time‐reversal (TR) method, the feature points in the fine structure of the RS electric field (E‐field) waveforms are mapped to the feature points in the RS channel, and velocity of the RS is calculated. First, by using the RS engineering model of the tortuous channel with variable velocity, it is shown that the fluctuation of RS velocity and the tortuous channel will lead to subsidiary peaks of the E‐field waveform in the LF band, the variation in the width of the subsidiary peak is correlated to the scale of the segmented tortuous channel and the variation of the velocity, and the contributions of the radiation field to the subsidiary peaks on the total field are the largest. Then, simulation examples under conditions of vertical, inclined, and tortuous channels are used for validation. Combined with the TR approach, the time‐reversed E‐field waveforms are back‐propagated and superimposed, the focused points are in good agreement with feature points in the RS channel. Finally, the reconstruction results of the feature points in the RS channel of a natural negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning are presented, and the average velocity between the feature points is calculated, which falls in a reasonable region between 0.35 × 108 and 1.73 × 108 m/s.

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“…Thottappillil et al (2001) summarized the analytic expression to show the relationship between the lightning channel current and the electromagnetic radiation. Many following efforts also focused on the research of lightning strokes with high currents and powerful electromagnetic radiation based on the transmission line (TL) model using modified channel-current expressions (Chen et al, 2015;Diendorfer & Uman, 1990;Rachidi & Thottappillil, 1993;Thottappillil et al, 2001;Wang et al, 2018;Willett et al, 1988). Since the magnetic field pulse is launched by the lightning current and can be measured at a long distance, its measurement can provide a means for remotely acquiring the source current waveform.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Relationship Between Current Pulses and Associated Low‐Frequency Magnetic Fields During Initial Stage of Rocket‐Triggered Lightning

Li,

Lu,

Wang

et al. 2023

Radio Science

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The quantitative relationship between the channel‐base current and the associated low‐frequency (LF) magnetic field (B‐field) during the early stage of rocket‐triggered lightning was examined based on field experiments and numerical simulation. There is a good correlation between the current pulse and the corresponding B‐field pulse in terms of amplitude and duration. In specific, the duration of current pulse is approximately proportional to that of the corresponding B‐field pulse for precursors and initial upward leaders; as for the pulse amplitude, the linear correlation is more apparent for the initial upward leaders when compared to the precursors, with the ratio of B‐field pulse and current pulse between 1.7 and 2.0, which is always greater than that (0.97 to 1.32) for the precursors. A response function is established to show the quantitative relationship in the time domain between the current pulse and the associated B‐field pulse, which is considered as the convolution of the current pulse and the response function. Meanwhile, the current waveform can be obtained if the measured B‐field pulse is de‐convolved with the response function. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measurement, which proves that our approach is accurate and efficient to quantify the relationship between the current and the B‐field pulse of the initial leader discharges.

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Approximate expressions for lightning electromagnetic fields at near and far ranges: Influence of return‐stroke speed

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Correlation between the spectral features and electric field changes of multiple return strokes in negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning

Correlation between the spectral features and electric field changes of multiple return strokes in negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning

Estimation of Return Stroke Velocity by Time‐Reversal Reconstruction of Channel Feature Points

Quantitative Relationship Between Current Pulses and Associated Low‐Frequency Magnetic Fields During Initial Stage of Rocket‐Triggered Lightning

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