“…Here, the temporally and spatially varying concentration of some substance is typically the physical entity of primary interest. In these problems, the stochasticity of the models is typically due to unknown boundary data for the CD model or the fluid dynamics model (Sepp€ anen, Vauhkonen, Somersalo, & Kaipio, 2001;Sepp€ anen, Vauhkonen, Vauhkonen, Somersalo, & Kaipio, 2001a;Voutilainen et al, 2007), unknown velocity field (Lipponen, Sepp€ anen, & Kaipio, 2010a,b;Sepp€ anen et al, 2001a), and highly approximate reduced-order models for the primary unknowns Huttunen, Kaipio, & Somersalo, 2007;Lipponen, Sepp€ anen, & Kaipio, 2011).…”