We introduce the notion of ~-integrals of 2~:-periodic summable functions f, f ~ L, on the basis of which the space L is decomposed into subsets (classes) /.,~. We obtain integral representations of deviations of the trigonometric polynomials Un (f; x ; A) generated by a given A-method for summing the Fourier series of functions f ~ L vT. On the basis of these representations, the rate of convergence of the Fourier series is studied for functions belonging to the sets L ~ in uniform and integral metrics. Within the framework of this approach, we find, in particular, asymptotic equalities for upper bounds of deviations of the Fourier sums on the sets L ~, which give solutions of the Kolmogorov-Nikol'skii problem. We also obtain an analog of the well-known Lebesgue inequality.