Aprotinin Abolishes Sevoflurane Postconditioning by Inhibiting Nitric Oxide Production and Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C-δ and Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β

Abstract

Aprotinin abolishes sevoflurane postconditioning, associated with inhibited phosphorylation of Akt, protein kinase C-delta, and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta and reduced nitric oxide production.

Direct evidence for inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening by sevoflurane preconditioning in cardiomyocytes: Comparison with cyclosporine A

“…GSK3β is inactivated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Cohen and Frame, 2001). Recent studies have found that the volatile anesthetics such as isoflurane and sevoflurane induce cardioprotection by preconditioning and postconditioning (Bouwman et al, 2010;Inamura et al, 2010;Inamura et al, 2009;Kaneda et al, 2008;Okusa et al, 2009;Weber et al, 2005). Pravdic et al demonstrated that isoflurane preconditioning delays MPTP opening using the tetramethyl-rhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) technique in rat cardiomyocytes (Pravdic et al, 2009).…”

Induction of autophagy restores the loss of sevoflurane cardiac preconditioning seen with prolonged ischemic insult

“…After defrosting, slices were incubated at 37 °C with 1% triphenyltetrazolium chloride (Sigma Chemicals, USA) photographed, and necrotic area was determined using Adobe Photoshop ® CS (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA) as previously described. 3 …”

“…The aorta was cannulated and hearts were perfused at 70 mmHg on a nonrecirculating isovolumic perfusion apparatus, using Krebs-Henseleit perfusate, and paced at 240 beats/min. 3 Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) was measured using a 2.5 French, high-fidelity micromanometer (Nihon-Kohden, Tokyo, Japan) passed into a compliant latex balloon, inserted into the left ventricle, and recorded on a PowerLab 2/20 Data Recording System (ADInstruments, Hayward, Australia). The balloon was connected to a Y-adapter with one end used to advance the micromanometer and the other to fill the left ventricular balloon with bubble-free water to an end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) of 10 mmHg.…”

“…3 Homogenate was centrifuged at 1000g for 5 min at 4 °C. Supernatant was re-centrifuged at 10000g for 15 min at 4 °C to obtain cytosolic fraction.…”

“…Experimental [1][2][3] and clinical studies 4,5 have demonstrated the use of volatile anesthetics as an additional therapeutic approach in the care of patients at risk of developing perioperative cardiac complications; known as volatile anesthetic preconditioning. 6,7 The washout time of volatile anesthetics prior to ischemia 8 and the duration of sustained ischemia 9,10 have been shown to be crucial to successful volatile anesthetic cardioprotection.…”