Atrazine
is an herbicide that is widely used in crop production
at about 70 million pounds per year in the United States. Its widespread
use has led to contamination of groundwater and other aquatic systems.
It has resulted in many serious environmental and human health issues.
This study focuses on the identification and characterization of a
single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) aptamer that binds to atrazine. In this
study, a variation of the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential
enrichment (SELEX) process was used to identify an aptamer, which
binds to atrazine with high affinity and specificity. This SELEX focused
on inducing the aptamer’s ability to change conformation upon
binding to atrazine, and stringent negative target selections. After
12 rounds of in vitro selection, the ssDNA aptamer candidate R12.45
was chosen and truncated to obtain a 46-base sequence. The binding
affinity, specificity, and structural characteristics of this truncated
candidate was investigated by using isothermal titration calorimetry,
circular dichroism (CD) analysis, SYBR Green I (SG) fluorescence displacement
assays, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) colorimetric assays. The truncated
R12.45 candidate aptamer bound to atrazine with high affinity (Kd = 3.7 nM) and displayed low cross-binding
activities on structurally related herbicides. In addition, CD analysis
data indicated a target induced structural stabilization. Finally,
SG assays and AuNPs assays showed nonconventional binding activities
between the truncated R12.45 aptamer candidate and atrazine, which
warrants future studies.