Aquaculture industry prospective from gut microbiome of fish and shellfish: An overview

Abstract

The microbiome actually deals with micro‐organisms that are associated with indigenous body parts and the entire gut system in all animals, including human beings. These microbes are linked with roles involving hereditary traits, defence against diseases and strengthening overall immunity, which determines the health status of an organism. Considerable efforts have been made to find out the microbiome diversity and their taxonomic identification in finfish and shellfish and its importance has been correlated with various physiological functions and activities. In recent past due to the availability of advanced molecular tools, some efforts have also been made on DNA sequencing of these microbes to understand the environmental impact and other stress factors on their genomic structural profile. There are reports on the use of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology, including amplicon and shot‐gun approaches, and associated bioinformatics tools to count and classify commensal microbiome at the species level. The microbiome present in the whole body, particularly in the gut systems of finfish and shellfish, not only contributes to digestion but also has an impact on nutrition, growth, reproduction, immune system and vulnerability of the host fish to diseases. Therefore, the study of such microbial communities is highly relevant for the development of new and innovative bio‐products which will be a vital source to build bio and pharmaceutical industries, including aquaculture. In recent years, attempts have been made to discover the chemical ingredients present in these microbes in the form of biomolecules/bioactive compounds with their functions and usefulness for various health benefits, particularly for the treatment of different types of disorders in animals. Therefore, it has been speculated that microbiomes hold great promise not only as a cure for ailments but also as a preventive measure for the number of infectious diseases. This kind of exploration of new breeds of microbes with their miraculous ingredients will definitely help to accelerate the development of the drugs, pharmaceutical and other biological related industries. Probiotic research and bioinformatics skills will further escalate these opportunities in the sector. In the present review, efforts have been made to collect comprehensive information on the finfish and shellfish microbiome, their diversity and functional properties, relationship with diseases, health status, data on species‐specific metagenomics, probiotic research and bioinformatics skills. Further, emphasis has also been made to carry out microbiome research on priority basis not only to keep healthy environment of the fish farming sector but also for the sustainable growth of biological related industries, including aquaculture.

Effects of cadmium exposure on intestinal microflora of Cipangopaludina cathayensis

“…The detailed pathways are shown on the left side (level 2). nutrition, growth, immunity, and disease resistance (Talwar et al, 2018;Chang et al, 2019;Paul and Small, 2019;Duan et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2020a;Diwan et al, 2021). In the present study, intestinal microbiota structure was altered in the C. cathayensis gut under high Cd exposure when compared with in the control treatment (Figures 2B,C).…”

“…cathayensis could potentially tolerate low Cd stress. Gut microbiome systems of aquatic animals participate in various processes, including nutrition, growth, immunity, and disease resistance ( Talwar et al, 2018 ; Chang et al, 2019 ; Paul and Small, 2019 ; Duan et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020a ; Diwan et al, 2021 ). In the present study, intestinal microbiota structure was altered in the C .…”

“…Genus Pseudomonas , which has been identified as bacterial pathogen in teleosts, exists widely in aquatic environments and in the gut of aquatic animals ( Llewellyn et al, 2014 ; Xu et al, 2015 ; Dehler et al, 2017 ; Diwan et al, 2021 ). Pseudomonas has also been observed to increase in the guts of different vertebrates, including fish and amphibians, following Cd exposure ( Chang et al, 2019 ; Ya et al, 2019 ; Cheaib et al, 2020 ).…”

“…The microbiomes associated with aquatic animals, particularly their gut systems, not only participate in digestion but also influence nutrition, growth, reproduction, the immune system, and host vulnerability to disease ( Talwar et al, 2018 ; Chang et al, 2019 ; Paul and Small, 2019 ; Duan et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020a ; Diwan et al, 2021 ). Cd exposure has been reported to significantly affect the gut microbiota of numerous aquatic organisms ( Chang et al, 2019 ; Wang et al, 2020b ; Zhang Y. et al, 2020 ).…”

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Molekuler Bakteri Proteolitik dari Saluran Pencernaan Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) yang Dibudidayakan di Kabupaten Banyumas

“…Bakteri proteolitik di saluran pencernaan ikan penting untuk dipelajari dalam rangka meningkatkan produksi perikanan budidaya (Diwan et al, 2021). Bakteri proteolitik telah dilaporkan dari berbagai spesies ikan seperti, Anabas testudineus (Mondal et al, 2008), Catla catla (Bairagi et al, 2002;Mondal et al, 2008;Ray et al, 2010), Channa punctatus (Bairagi et al, 2002;Kar et al, 2008;Banerjee et al, 2017), Cirrhinus mrigala (Bairagi et al, 2002;Mondal et al, 2008;Ray et al, 2010), Clarias batrachus (Bairagi et al, 2002), Clarias gariepinus (Kurniasih et al, 2014), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Bairagi et al, 2002), Cyprinus carpio (Bairagi et al, 2002), Etroplus suratensis (Das et al, 2014), Heteropneustes fossilis (Banerjee et al, 2017), Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Bairagi et al, 2002), Labeo bata (Mondal et al, 2008), Labeo calbasu (Mondal et al, 2008), Labeo rohita (Bairagi et al, 2002;Kar et al, 2008;Mondal et al, 2008;Ray et al, 2010), Mystus gulio (Das et al, 2014), Oreochromis mossambica (Bairagi et al, 2002), Oreochromis niloticus (Mondal et al, 2008), Scatophagus argus (Das et al, 2014), Siganus guttatus (Armada & Simora, 2016), dan Terapon jarbua (Das et al, 2014).…”