Aquatic Bird Bornavirus 1 in Wild Geese, Denmark

Abstract

To investigate aquatic bird bornavirus 1 in Europe, we examined 333 brains from hunter-killed geese in Denmark in 2014. Seven samples were positive by reverse transcription PCR and were 98.2%–99.8% identical; they were also 97.4%–98.1% identical to reference strains of aquatic bird bornavirus 1 from geese in North America.

Bornaviruses in naturally infected Psittacus erithacus in Portugal: insights of molecular epidemiology and ecology

“…and Anas spp.) have been reported [13][14][15][16][17]. The co-infection was reported to occur in wild birds by different strains and genotypes belonging to Psittaciform 1 orthobornavirus [17].…”

“…Over the last years, the evidence that wild birds could be reservoirs of bornaviruses has been accumulated [13][14][15][16][17]. In addition to the parrot bornavirus 4, cases of infection in wild birds with several genotypes of parrot bornavirus 2 (such as Anas spp., Grus spp., Haliaeetus spp., Larus spp., Galidris spp., Calidris spp.…”

“…The co-infection was reported to occur in wild birds by different strains and genotypes belonging to Psittaciform 1 orthobornavirus [17]. It could then be expected that all members of the family Bornaviridae could be involved in co-infection events, since there are species of wild birds that may be hosting a wide range of genotypes from several species of bornaviruses (such as Waterbird 1 orthobornavirus [13][14][15], Psittaciform 1 orthobornavirus [17] and Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus [16]). Therefore, co-infected reservoirs can play a role in the emergence of new virus variants, providing conditions for the occurrence of changes in virulence and in host range by two major ways: through recombination exchange between virus strains and through accumulation of amino acid changes that are under pressure by the immune system (antigenic drift event).…”

“…From those, 10 species are associated with the development of severe neurological and/or gastrointestinal disease and death of its hosts [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] (Figure 2). The disease has been reported in humans, several species of pets, production and wild animals [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Namely, two species infect mammals (Mammalian 1 to 2 orthobornavirus), five infect birds (Passeriform 1 to 2 orthobornavirus, Psittaciform 1 to 2 orthobornavirus and Waterbird 1 orthobornavirus) and three infect reptiles (Queensland carbovirus, Southwest carbovirus and Elapid 1 orthobornavirus) [4] (Figure 2).…”

“…Wild birds are hosts of avian bornaviruses (e.g. strains of Waterbird 1 orthobornavirus and Psittaciform 1 orthobornavirus) [13][14][15]17] and mammalian bornaviruses (e.g. genotypes of Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus) [16].…”