Aquatic exercise program-modulated oxidative stress markers in patients with Parkinson's disease

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease. Oxidative stress, i.e., the imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant defense capacity of the body, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. Physical exercise can regulate oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to analyze the short- and long-term effects of an aquatic exercise program on oxidative stress levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease. The aquatic exercise program was carried out during 1 month with two sessions per week (1 hour/session). Blood samples were collected at four different time points: pre-intervention, immediately, 48 hours, and 30 days after the first session of aquatic exercise program. Our results revealed that water-based programs modulated antioxidant enzyme activity, increased superoxide dismutase activity, reduced catalase activity, and increased the ratio of superoxide dismutase activity to catalase activity in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Compared with pre-intervention and 48 hours after the first session of aquatic exercise program, superoxide dismutase activity was higher and catalase activity was lower immediately and 30 days after the first session. Our results demonstrated that aquatic exercise program could modulate oxidative stress, mainly by the effect of antioxidant enzyme activity. These results could better help understand the target of oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Centro Universitário Metodista IPA (approval No. 1.373.911) on August 9, 2019 and registered with REBEC (registration number: RBR-6NJ4MK).

Effects of aquatic exercise on the improvement of lower-extremity motor function and quality of life in patients with Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis

“…Previous studies have confirmed that aquatic exercises can more effectively control posture and maintain balance (Becker, 2009;Zhang et al, 2016;Zhu et al, 2018). 2) The warming effect of water can stimulate temperature receptors and activate cortical sensory-related areas, regulate oxidative stress, increase the reaction between nerves and hippocampus (Silva Germanos et al, 2019;Dani et al, 2020), increase the activity of cortical sensory and motor areas, and promote sensorimotor integration. It also increases the extensibility of collagen tissue (Ardıç et al, 2007), inhibits the over-excitability of the stretch reflex, improves the flexibility of muscle function, relieves stiffness, and increases the self-confidence and training enthusiasm of patients.…”

Aerobic exercise mitigates hippocampal neuronal apoptosis by regulating DAPK1/CDKN2A/REDD1/FoXO1/FasL signaling pathway in D‐galactose‐induced aging mice

“…Exercise is an effective remedy against a wide range of aging processes. Exercise modulates the oxidative stress axis, potentially slowing and improving chronic kidney failure, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, muscle aging, and aging‐induced vascular dysfunction 18–20 . In the brain, moderate exercise ameliorates oxidative stress‐induced neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis.…”

Program of Seven 45-min Dry Immersion Sessions Improves Choice Reaction Time in Parkinson’s Disease

“…For example, the endocannabinoid system becomes activated under parabolic flight ( Strewe et al, 2012 ), and such hormones, as adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, are increased under parabolic or spaceflight ( Schneider et al, 2007 ). In PD subjects, water immersion in combination with exercises was reported to decrease the concentration of serum cytokines, thus exerting anti-inflammatory ( Pochmann et al, 2018 ) and pro-antioxidative effects ( Dani et al, 2020 ). In healthy people, brain-derived growth factor is increased after water immersion ( Kojima et al, 2018 ).…”