“…The preparation of CuO nanoparticles in Milli-Q water rather than ethylene glycol or mixture of ethylene glycol/water may be conceptualized as one of the best methods of synthesis of the NPs (Kamalgharibi et al 2016 ). It can be noted that the toxicological impact of nanomaterials varies from size and mode of fabrication, both in vitro and in vivo (Ranjan et al 2020 a; Ranjan et al 2020 b; Kumar et al 2020 ; Dasgupta et al 2019 ; Ranjan et al 2019 ; Dasgupta et al 2018 ; Ranjan et al 2018 ; Aditi et al 2018 ; Ranjan and Chidambaram 2016 a; Dasgupta and Chidambaram 2016 ; Ranjan et al 2016 a; Dasgupta et al 2016 a; Ranjan et al 2016 b; Dasgupta et al 2016 b; Saxena et al 2020 ).…”
Cytotoxicity of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) are an impediment in utilizing them as an effective nanocarriers of chemotherapeutic drugs for targeted drug delivery in nasopharyngeal cancer. In our current study, we have designed a two-step synthesis and coating of CuO NPs with different concentrations of PLGA (polylactide-co-glycolide) to reduce the cytotoxicity. This was further conjugated with folic acid to enhance targeting to specific tissue. The multiple drugs loaded in the NPs were two potent anticancer drugs doxorubicin and docetaxel. A complete characterization studies including micrographic analysis, zeta potential measurements, polydispersity index, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), encapsulation and loading efficiencies, stability and in vitro release studies were done. Cytoxicity studies were done with MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide and DAPI (4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride) staining procedures. Impediametric studies were also carried out to reinforce the reduction in cytotoxicity. Finally the cellular uptake of the NPs was seen. It was evident from the results that the multiple drugs loaded CuO NPs formed with PLGA coating were uniform, non-agglomerated in size ranging from 180 to 195 nm. The FTIR revealed no major changes in drug peaks. Encapsulation and loading efficiencies showed sufficient amount of drug being loaded into the NPs. The drug loaded NPs showed no change in size or zeta potential even after a period of 30 days. The cytotoxicity studies revealed significant reduction in toxicity after coating the surface treated with PLGA as evident from the microscopic analysis of cells. Hence the current study may be prioritized and further in vivo/in vitro studies may be carried out.
“…The preparation of CuO nanoparticles in Milli-Q water rather than ethylene glycol or mixture of ethylene glycol/water may be conceptualized as one of the best methods of synthesis of the NPs (Kamalgharibi et al 2016 ). It can be noted that the toxicological impact of nanomaterials varies from size and mode of fabrication, both in vitro and in vivo (Ranjan et al 2020 a; Ranjan et al 2020 b; Kumar et al 2020 ; Dasgupta et al 2019 ; Ranjan et al 2019 ; Dasgupta et al 2018 ; Ranjan et al 2018 ; Aditi et al 2018 ; Ranjan and Chidambaram 2016 a; Dasgupta and Chidambaram 2016 ; Ranjan et al 2016 a; Dasgupta et al 2016 a; Ranjan et al 2016 b; Dasgupta et al 2016 b; Saxena et al 2020 ).…”
Cytotoxicity of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) are an impediment in utilizing them as an effective nanocarriers of chemotherapeutic drugs for targeted drug delivery in nasopharyngeal cancer. In our current study, we have designed a two-step synthesis and coating of CuO NPs with different concentrations of PLGA (polylactide-co-glycolide) to reduce the cytotoxicity. This was further conjugated with folic acid to enhance targeting to specific tissue. The multiple drugs loaded in the NPs were two potent anticancer drugs doxorubicin and docetaxel. A complete characterization studies including micrographic analysis, zeta potential measurements, polydispersity index, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), encapsulation and loading efficiencies, stability and in vitro release studies were done. Cytoxicity studies were done with MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, acridine orange/ethidium bromide and DAPI (4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride) staining procedures. Impediametric studies were also carried out to reinforce the reduction in cytotoxicity. Finally the cellular uptake of the NPs was seen. It was evident from the results that the multiple drugs loaded CuO NPs formed with PLGA coating were uniform, non-agglomerated in size ranging from 180 to 195 nm. The FTIR revealed no major changes in drug peaks. Encapsulation and loading efficiencies showed sufficient amount of drug being loaded into the NPs. The drug loaded NPs showed no change in size or zeta potential even after a period of 30 days. The cytotoxicity studies revealed significant reduction in toxicity after coating the surface treated with PLGA as evident from the microscopic analysis of cells. Hence the current study may be prioritized and further in vivo/in vitro studies may be carried out.
“…In our study, exposure to the different GBMs concentrations led to a growth stimulation of the diatom N. palea , reaching the maximum growth rate earlier compared to the control group, the growth rate of the latter being comparable to previous studies ( Garacci et al, 2017 ). These results are contradictory with the vast majority of single-species-based studies which indicated that exposure to engineered nanoparticles led to algal growth inhibition associated to oxidative stress induced by cellular damages ( Chen et al, 2019 ; Saxena et al, 2020 ). For example, this was observed for green pelagic algae such as Raphidocelis subcapitata , Chlorella pyrenoidosa , or Scenedesmus obliquus after exposure to GO or rGO ( Du et al, 2016 ; Zhao et al, 2017 , 2019 ; Malina et al, 2019 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 60%
“…Previous studies investigated the toxicity of GBMs toward various aquatic organisms including vertebrates ( Clemente et al, 2019 ; Evariste et al, 2019 ; Paital et al, 2019 ) or invertebrates ( Castro et al, 2018 ; Lv et al, 2018 ), while the most abundant literature concerns the effects on bacteria and microalgae ( Han et al, 2019 ; Kumar et al, 2019 ; Tashan et al, 2019 ; Saxena et al, 2020 ). Studying the effects of GBMs on these microorganisms is essential since they play crucial roles in aquatic ecosystems.…”
Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBMs), such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), possess unique properties triggering high expectations for the development of new technological applications and are forecasted to be produced at industrial-scale. This raises the question of potential adverse outcomes on living organisms and especially toward microorganisms constituting the basis of the trophic chain in ecosystems. However, investigations on GBMs toxicity were performed on various microorganisms using single species that are helpful to determine toxicity mechanisms but fail to predict the consequences of the observed effects at a larger organization scale. Thus, this study focuses on the ecotoxicological assessment of GO and rGO toward a biofilm composed of the diatom Nitzschia palea associated to a bacterial consortium. After 48 and 144 h of exposure to these GBMs at 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg.L−1, their effects on the diatom physiology, the structure, and the metabolism of bacterial communities were measured through the use of flow cytometry, 16S amplicon sequencing, and Biolog ecoplates, respectively. The exposure to both of these GBMs stimulated the diatom growth. Besides, GO exerted strong bacterial growth inhibition as from 1 mg.L−1, influenced the taxonomic composition of diatom-associated bacterial consortium, and increased transiently the bacterial activity related to carbon cycling, with weak toxicity toward the diatom. On the contrary, rGO was shown to exert a weaker toxicity toward the bacterial consortium, whereas it influenced more strongly the diatom physiology. When compared to the results from the literature using single species tests, our study suggests that diatoms benefited from diatom-bacteria interactions and that the biofilm was able to maintain or recover its carbon-related metabolic activities when exposed to GBMs.
“…The nettle CNS tend to form aggregates (Supplementary Fig. 2) and the accumulation of C nanomaterials around algal cells was reported to cause shading and, subsequently, to reduce light availability thus resulting in growth impairment 64 , 65 . Figure 10 Inhibitory effect of nettle CNS at different concentrations on algal cell number after 72 h. CNS from stem 1: 1 ( a ), CNS from leaves 1:1 ( b ), CNS from leaves 1:2 ( c ).…”
Carbon nanosheets are two-dimensional nanostructured materials that have applications as energy storage devices, electrochemical sensors, sample supports, filtration membranes, thanks to their high porosity and surface area. Here, for the first time, carbon nanosheets have been prepared from the stems and leaves of a nettle fibre clone, by using a cheap and straight-forward procedure that can be easily scaled up. The nanomaterial shows interesting physical parameters, namely interconnectivity of pores, graphitization, surface area and pore width. These characteristics are similar to those described for the nanomaterials obtained from other fibre crops. However, the advantage of nettle over other plants is its fast growth and easy propagation of homogeneous material using stem cuttings. This last aspect guarantees homogeneity of the starting raw material, a feature that is sought-after to get a nanomaterial with homogeneous and reproducible properties. To evaluate the potential toxic effects if released in the environment, an assessment of the impact on plant reproduction performance and microalgal growth has been carried out by using tobacco pollen cells and the green microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. No inhibitory effects on pollen germination are recorded, while algal growth inhibition is observed at higher concentrations of leaf carbon nanosheets with lower graphitization degree.
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