Aquatic Pollution-Induced Immunotoxicity in Wildlife Species,

Luebke, Robert W.; Hodson, Peter V.; Faisal, Mohamed; Ross, Peter S.; Grasman, Keith A.; Zelikoff, Judith T.

doi:10.1006/faat.1997.2310

Cited by 76 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…Impairment of immune mechanisms in aquatic organisms due to pollution of our surface waters may lead to reduced resistance against opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, along with reproductive-endocrine disruption, effects of contaminants on immune competence in aquatic organisms requires further study (Luebke et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of treated sewage effluent on immune function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

et al. 2004

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In this study, the immune reactions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined, after exposure to 10, 30 and 70% of tertiary-treated municipal sewage effluent for 27 days. Exposures were conducted concurrently with and without an immune challenge using intraperitoneal injections of inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida salmonicida. Due to the time required to prepare and analyse samples, fish sampling was conducted over two consecutive days. There was no trout mortality for any of the experimental treatments. The exposure to effluent increased in vitro lymphocyte proliferation, decreased circulating lymphocytes and increased degrading erythrocytes in peripheral blood samples. Circulating lymphocytes were only decreased in the sham-injected, but not in the A. salmonicida-injected group. In addition to effluent effects, circulating lymphocytes and lymphocyte proliferation were decreased on day 2 of sampling as compared to day 1. Concentration-dependent degradation of erythrocytes was only observed on day 2 of sampling. Capture and removal of trout on day 1 of sampling presumably caused low-level stress that affected some results on day 2. Oxidative burst, phagocytosis, lysozyme, leucocyte populations other than lymphocytes and A. salmonicida-specific IgM production were not affected by exposure to effluent, and of these parameters, only oxidative burst and total leucocytes showed sampling day effects. From these results it can be observed, that with the exception of oxidative burst, those variables affected by effluent exposure were also significantly changed by the low-level sampling stress imposed by staggered sampling. Elevated liver mixed-function oxygenase activity as measured by 7-ethoxyresorufin-Odeethylase activity, and increased bile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites were observed in response to sewage effluent exposure. As both PAHs and stress are known immune suppressors, it is difficult to conclude whether or not changes in immune parameters due to effluent exposure were caused by the direct action of chemicals, or were due to a general stress response.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of treated sewage effluent on immune function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

et al. 2004

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“…Immunotoxicological risk assessments have demonstrated that, in mammals, a toxically induced suppression of the innate immune response has stronger effects on an animal's resistance against pathogens than the modulation of specific immunity (Luster et al 1988). The innate immune system of fish is very similar to the mammalian system, and the detection of immunomodulative effects caused by environmental chemicals may therefore be used as a sentinel for potential harm to higher vertebrates (Zelikoff et al 1991;Anderson and Zeeman 1995;Luebke et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid phosphatase activity in liver macrophage aggregates as a marker for pollution-induced immunomodulation of the non-specific immune response in fish

Broeg

2003

Helgoland Marine Research

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The activity of acid phosphatase in liver macrophage aggregates (MA-AP) of different fish species was used as a marker for a pollution-induced modulation of the digestive capacity of phagocytes, since functions of the non-specific immune response play a central role in the maintenance of animals' health. Based upon the investigation of more than 900 individual flounders (Platichthys flesus) and mullets (Liza aurata), natural variations, gender-specific differences and pollution-induced alterations in AP activity are demonstrated in this study. MA-AP activity was dependent on temperature and season but, nevertheless, distinctions between differently polluted areas were visible in all sampling campaigns with lowest MA-AP activity in fish from the polluted areas of the German Bight and the Israeli coast of the Mediterranean Sea. For organochlorine contaminants, as well as for mercury and copper, a significant correlation could be observed between residue concentrations in fish tissues and MA-AP activity. In all cases, except mercury which showed a positive correlation, AP activity was suppressed in animals with a high contaminant burden. MA-AP activity turned out to give reliable and consistent results for a quantification of immunomodulation in both fish species.

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“…Commonly used tests are determining the amount of humoral factors of the nonspecific (lysozyme, C-reactive protein, complement) and the specific (immunoglobulin M, IgM) immune system, and some functional assays are applied to measure the phagocytotic activity or the proliferative response of immune cells. Complex, stimulated immune functions are not examined (Langezaal et al, 2001;Luebke et al, 1997;Luster et al, 1992Luster et al, , 1993Smith et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of immune functions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)—how can environmental influences be detected?

et al. 2002

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In fish, the first line of defense against infectious microorganisms is based on a broad range of nonspecific humoral and cellular immune mechanisms ('innate immunity') which without prior specific activation can act in forming a more static barrier (Fish Shellfish Immunol. 10 (2000) 243; Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25 (2001) 827). This natural resistance is normally effective enough to protect fish from infectious diseases until specific immune responses are being induced ( Fig. 1; Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25 (2001) 841). Healthy fish exhibit both nonspecific and specific immune responses depending directly on environmental temperature. Pollution of the natural aquatic environment with industrial or agricultural sewage is an important immunosuppressing factor resulting in higher susceptibility to infectious diseases. To date, the possible immunotoxicity of a substance is evaluated using quantification of humoral factors like lysozyme, complement, C-reactive protein or total immunoglobulins but less often using functional assays. Furthermore, most of the functional assays (phagocytosis, respiratory burst, proliferative response) are based on the measurement of the response of resting but not of specific activated immune cells. However, the physiological responses of the immune system to an infection are based on a complex, stepwise activation and proliferation, especially of the specific immune functions after first contact to the microorganisms. In this report we describe in vitro methods for the evaluation of cellular immune functions of different leukocyte populations after specific in vivo triggering of the immune system. Parameters to be evaluated are activation and proliferation of leukocyte populations, phagocytosis and respiratory burst, secretion of antigen-specific antibodies and specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, challenge models with bacterial (Aeromonas salmonicida) and viral pathogens (Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia Virus, VHSV) are presented.

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Aquatic Pollution-Induced Immunotoxicity in Wildlife Species,

Cited by 76 publications

References 63 publications

Effects of treated sewage effluent on immune function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effects of treated sewage effluent on immune function in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Acid phosphatase activity in liver macrophage aggregates as a marker for pollution-induced immunomodulation of the non-specific immune response in fish

Evaluation of immune functions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)—how can environmental influences be detected?

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