Aqueous extracts of cigarette tar containing the tar free radical cause DNA nicks in mammalian cells.

Stone, Koni; Bermúdez, Eliezer; Pryor, William A.

doi:10.1289/ehp.94102s10173

Cited by 54 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Cigarette tar, which collects in cigarette filters, contains oxidants, semiquinones, and aldehydes that are more stably maintained in the tar than many of the oxidants found in cigarette smoke (Pryor and Stone, 1993). Semiquinones promote free radical production, apart from tar and iron/copper deriving Fenton reaction to generate ROS, when introduced to aqueous solution (Stone et al, 1994). The materials and liquids used in various ENDS products, may contain heavy metals, aldehydes, plastics, or other chemicals that act as oxidants as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental health hazards of e-cigarettes and their components: Oxidants and copper in e-cigarette aerosols

Lerner

Sundar

Watson

et al. 2015

Environmental Pollution

178

130

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To narrow the gap in our understanding of potential oxidative properties associated with Electronic Nicotine Delivery systems (ENDS) i.e. e-cigarettes, we employed semi-quantitative methods to detect oxidant reactivity in disposable components of ENDS/e-cigarettes (batteries and cartomizers) using a fluorescein indicator. These components exhibit oxidants/reactive oxygen species reactivity similar to used conventional cigarette filters. Oxidants/reactive oxygen species reactivity in e-cigarette aerosols was also similar to oxidant reactivity in cigarette smoke. A cascade particle impactor allowed sieving of a range of particle size distributions between 0.450 and 2.02 μm in aerosols from an e-cigarette. Copper, being among these particles, is 6.1 times higher per puff than reported previously for conventional cigarette smoke. The detection of a potentially cytotoxic metal as well as oxidants from e-cigarette and its components raises concern regarding the safety of e-cigarettes use and the disposal of e-cigarette waste products into the environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental health hazards of e-cigarettes and their components: Oxidants and copper in e-cigarette aerosols

Lerner

Sundar

Watson

et al. 2015

Environmental Pollution

178

130

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“…ETS has the ability to be as damaging to DNA in mammalian cells as mainstream smoke. 34 ETS has been classified as a known carcinogen to humans, and numerous epidemiological studies have associated ETS with an increased risk for cancer and other diseases in humans. 35 Fractionation of aqueous cigarette tar (ACT) extracts showed that they contain long-lived radicals, which is an equilibrium mixture of quinones, hydroquinones and semiquinone radicals, with the ability to reduce oxygen into superoxide anion and, ultimately, to hydrogen peroxide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study by electron paramagnetic resonance of free radical species in the mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes with conventional acetate filters and ‘bio-filters’

Valavanidis

Haralambous

2001

Redox Report

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Tobacco smoking is the most important extrinsic cause, after the diet, for increasing morbidity and mortality in humans. Unless current tobacco smoking patterns in industrialised and non-industrialised countries change, cigarettes will kill prematurely 10 million people a year by 2025. Greece is at the top of the list of European countries in cigarette consumption. In 1997, a Greek tobacco company introduced a new 'bio-filter' (BF) claiming that it reduces substantially the risks of smoking. In a recent publication [Deliconstantinos G, Villiotou V, Stavrides J. Scavenging effects of hemoglobin and related heme containing compounds on nitric oxide, reactive oxidants and carcinogenic volatile nitrosocompounds of cigarette smoke. A new method for protection against the dangerous cigarette constituents. Anticancer Res 1994; 14: 2717-2726] it was claimed that the new 'bio-filter' (activated carbon impregnated with dry hemoglobin) reduces certain toxic substances and oxidants (like NO, CO, NOx, H2O2, aldehydes, trace elements and nitroso-compounds) in the gas-phase of the mainstream smoke. We have investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) the mainstream and sidestream smoke of the BF cigarette, in comparison with three other cigarettes with similar tar and nicotine contents, that have conventional acetate filters. We found that BF cigarette smoke has similar tar radical species with the same intensity EPR signals to those of the other cigarettes. The ability of the aqueous cigarette tar extracts to produce hydroxyl radicals (HO*), which were spin trapped by DMPO, was very similar to, or even higher than, the other 3 brands. The gas-phase of the mainstream smoke of the BF cigarette showed a 30-35% reduction in the production of oxygen-centered radicals (spin trapped with PBN). In the case of the sidestream smoke, BF cigarettes produced substantially higher concentrations of gas-phase radicals, compared to the other brands. These results suggest that BF is partially effective at removing some of the gas-phase oxidants but not effective in the reduction of tar and its radical species in the mainstream and sidestream smoke. It is well known from epidemiological studies that tar content is strongly associated with increasing risk to smokers of lung cancer. In our experiments, BF cigarettes produce a higher amount of tar and stable free radical species than the other 3 brands in the sidestream smoke (between puffs), thus potentially increasing risk to the smoker and passive smoker.

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“…Several heat shock mimetics and other toxins were administered by injection (20 L) at the intersection of abdominal segments 5 and 6. The concentrations used were as follows: sodium arsenite, 0.1 mM (Nover 1984); mercuric chloride, 1 mM; cycloheximide, 75 g/L in 50% ethanol; aqueous cigarette tar (ACT), 8 mg/mL (UV absorbance ϭ 61 at 258 nm; prepared as described by Stone et al 1994); aged catechol solution, 6 mM; and baculovirus (Bombyx mori nuclear polyhidrosis virus [NPV], 10 million active particles per injection). Sublethal concentrations for the different toxic compounds were empirically determined in preliminary experiments to select the doses described herein.…”

Section: Silkworm Rearing and Stress Treatmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress induction of Bm1 RNA in silkworm larvae: SINEs, an unusual class of stress genes

Kimura¹,

Choudary²,

Stone³

et al. 2001

Cell Stress Chaper

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This study surveys the induction of RNA polymerase III (Pol III)-directed expression of short interspersed element (SINE) transcripts by various stresses in an animal model, silkworm larvae. Sublethal heat shock and exposure to several toxic compounds increase the level of Bm1 RNA, the silkworm SINE transcript, while also transiently increasing expression of a well-characterized stress-induced transcript, Hsp70 messenger RNA (mRNA). In certain cases, the Bm1 RNA response coincides with that of Hsp70 mRNA, but more often Bm1 RNA responds later in recovery. Baculovirus infection and exposure to certain toxic compounds increase Bm1 RNA but not Hsp70 mRNA, showing that SINE induction is not necessarily coupled to transcription of this particular heat shock gene. SINEs behave as an additional class of stress-inducible genes in living animals but are unusual as stress genes because of their high copy number, genomic dispersion, and Pol III-directed transcription.

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Aqueous extracts of cigarette tar containing the tar free radical cause DNA nicks in mammalian cells.

Cited by 54 publications

References 29 publications

Environmental health hazards of e-cigarettes and their components: Oxidants and copper in e-cigarette aerosols

Environmental health hazards of e-cigarettes and their components: Oxidants and copper in e-cigarette aerosols

A comparative study by electron paramagnetic resonance of free radical species in the mainstream and sidestream smoke of cigarettes with conventional acetate filters and ‘bio-filters’

Stress induction of Bm1 RNA in silkworm larvae: SINEs, an unusual class of stress genes

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