Aqueous Organic Batteries Using the Proton as a Charge Carrier

Abstract

Benefiting from the merits of low cost, non‐flammability and high operational safety, aqueous rechargeable batteries have emerged as promising candidates for large‐scale energy storage applications. Among various metal‐ion/non‐metallic charge carriers, proton (H+) as a charge carrier possesses numerous unique properties such as a fast proton diffusion dynamics, a low molar mass and a small hydrated ion radius, which endow aqueous proton batteries (APBs) with a salient rate capability, a long‐term life span and an excellent low‐temperature electrochemical performance. In addition, redox‐active organic molecules, with the advantages of structural diversity, rich proton‐storage sites and abundant resources, are considered as attractive electrode materials for APBs. However, as far as application is concerned, the charge storage and transport mechanisms of organic electrodes in APBs is still in infancy. Therefore, finding suitable electrode materials and uncovering the H+ storage mechanisms are significant for the applications of organic materials in APBs. Herein, the latest research progresses on organic materials such as small molecules and polymers for APBs are reviewed. Furthermore, a comprehensive summary and evaluation of APBs employing organic electrodes as anode and/or cathode is provided, especially on their low‐temperature and high‐power performances, along with systematic discussions for guiding the rational design and the construction of APBs based on organic electrodes.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Aqueous Zn−organic batteries: Electrochemistry and design strategies

“…This process raises the concentration of OH − ions around the cathode, resulting in the formation of Zn 4 (OH) 6 SO 4 •nH 2 O byproduct through the following chemical reaction: 4Zn 2+ + SO 4 2− + 6OH − + nH 2 O = Zn 4 (OH) 6 SO 4 •nH 2 O. 30,31 Interestingly, the byproduct can precipitate and dissolve reversibly on the cathode surface during the discharge/charge cycle, thereby evidencing H + storage behavior. However, it is worth noting that some studies indicate that this precipitation can escalate the battery impedance and consequently impair the battery performance.…”

“…References. 31,32,34,37,[84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][97][98][99]114 products. Dissolved OEMs migrate toward the Zn anode, forming irreversible byproducts, leading to Zn anode corrosion and a degradation of battery performance.…”

“…25 Coupled with the low toxicity, cost-effectiveness, lightweight nature, and inherent flexibility, OEMs offer significant advantages as host materials for AZIBs. [26][27][28][29][30][31] OEMs in AZIBs can be traced back to 1985 when conductive polyaniline (PANI) was electrochemically deposited on a platinum electrode. 32 During charging processes, the reaction involved the protonic acid doping of PNAI in a ZnCl 2 /NH 4 Cl aqueous electrolyte, while counter anions participated in the reaction between the ═NH + − and −NH− moieties.…”

Constructing Crystalline NiCoP@Amorphous Nickel–Cobalt Boride Core–Shell Nanospheres with Enhanced Rate Capability for Aqueous Supercapacitors and Rechargeable Zn-Based Batteries

“…Rechargeable aqueous energy storage devices, including supercapacitors (SCs) and aqueous batteries (ABs), relying on metalion charge carriers (e.g., Li + , K + , Na + , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , etc.) 1,2 and non-metal-ion charge carriers, for example, proton (H + ), 3 hydroxide ions (OH − ), 4 halides (F − and Cl − ), 5 and nonmetallic ammonium (NH 4+ ) ions, 6 with substantial merits of low cost, intrinsic flame-retardant ability, and high operational safety, have been widely deemed as the most ideal candidates for grid-scale electrochemical energy storage. Among the numerous aqueous energy storage devices, aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) employ battery-type materials as the cathode and capacitor-type materials as the anode, which can effectively extend the operating voltage window, showing the enhancement of energy density.…”

“…Rechargeable aqueous energy storage devices, including supercapacitors (SCs) and aqueous batteries (ABs), relying on metal-ion charge carriers (e.g., Li + , K + , Na + , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , etc. ) , and non-metal-ion charge carriers, for example, proton (H + ), hydroxide ions (OH – ), halides (F – and Cl – ), and non-metallic ammonium (NH 4+ ) ions, with substantial merits of low cost, intrinsic flame-retardant ability, and high operational safety, have been widely deemed as the most ideal candidates for grid-scale electrochemical energy storage. Among the numerous aqueous energy storage devices, aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) employ battery-type materials as the cathode and capacitor-type materials as the anode, which can effectively extend the operating voltage window, showing the enhancement of energy density. − Moreover, the rechargeable aqueous alkaline Zn-based batteries (e.g., P–NiCo 2 O 4– x //Zn, S–NiCoP//Zn, and Mo–NiS 2 @NiCo-LDH//Zn batteries) are fabricated via employing high-performance electrode material as the cathode and stripping/plating-type metal (Zn) as the anode, which can adopt reversible faradaic reactions to realize energy storage in an aqueous alkaline electrolyte, resulting in higher operating voltage (∼1.75 V) and a relatively high energy/power density .…”