Aqueous sol-gel synthesis, structural, thermoanalytical studies, and conductivity properties of lithium lanthanum titanate

Review on Synthesis and Properties of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate

“…A good example of this approach is recently (2022) found in the works of Diktanait ė et al [51]. They successfully synthesized Li 0.35 La 0.55 TiO 3 using for starting materials LiNO 3 , La 2 O 3 , metallic Ti powder and HCl.…”

“…The sources for Li and La are usually LiNO 3 and La(NO 3 ) 8 [32,54,55]. The chelating agent is very often citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 in either anhydrous or hydrated form) or tartaric acid (C 4 H 6 O 6 ) [1,6,30,51,53]. Sometimes the starting compounds are heated to remove any traces of water that might influence the weighing errors.…”

“…Sometimes the starting compounds are heated to remove any traces of water that might influence the weighing errors. Moreover, the Li source compounds (LiNO 3 ) is added with approximately 7 to 10% weight excess to the solution in order to compensate for the evaporation of the compound [30,51,56,57].…”

“…The reaction conditions are discussed below. Diktanait ė et al [51] produced the gel by evaporating the liquid solution at 90 • C. The gel was subsequently dried at 120 • C. The drying stage was followed by a set of calcination treatments at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1100 • C to form the final product (LLTO). The LLTO powder is then reground, pressed into pellets and sintered at 1250 • C. Kezionis [30] produced the gel, then dried it at 120 • C and calcinated the powder at 1000 • C for 5 h. The sintering temperature was approximately 1250 • C. Further examples of synthesis conditions are provided in Table 3.…”

“…The LLTO powder is then reground, pressed into pellets and sintered at 1250 • C. Kezionis [30] produced the gel, then dried it at 120 • C and calcinated the powder at 1000 • C for 5 h. The sintering temperature was approximately 1250 • C. Further examples of synthesis conditions are provided in Table 3. Generally, the temperature ranges employed are the following: evaporation 55-95 • C, drying 100-150 • C, calcination at 350-1000 • C (most authors report calcination temperatures in a narrower range 400-800 • C [1,31,32,[51][52][53][54]), sintering between 900 and 1350 • C (most publications between 1000 and 1250 • C [30,32,[51][52][53]56]).…”