Aqueous Solubilities, Solubility Products and Standard Oxidation‐Reduction Potentials of the Metal Sulfides

Licht, Stuart

doi:10.1149/1.2095471

Cited by 161 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Regarding the presence of sulfide, it should be noted that S 2-is not present in significant concentrations due to the hydrolysis reaction of this ion with water [38,58]. In this case, the solubility product of compounds containing sulfides Y x S z is replaced by the equilibrium constant K YS of the following reaction: …”

Section: Stonementioning

confidence: 99%

Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes in neutral and alkaline environments containing interfering ions

et al. 2015

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Chloride ingress can lead to serious degradation of various materials and structures. Continuous measurements of local chloride concentrations is thus of uttermost importance for laboratory research, monitoring of structures, and predictions of the residual life span for the most common building materials. This work investigates the applicability of Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes for the non-destructive continuous measurement of local chloride concentrations in concrete and stone when exposed to chloride-bearing environments such as seawater. The work studies the stability of Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes in neutral and alkaline solutions and the sensitivity to the main interfering ions coming from the environment and from the material itself. The results indicate negligible interference from fluoride, sulfate, and hydroxyl but considerable from bromide and sulfide. In chloride-free alkaline solutions, Ag/ AgCl ion-selective electrodes are not stable over time, but-upon chloride arrival-they permit again reliable measurements of the chloride concentration. The results concerning interference are discussed by taking into account typical exposure environments and it is concluded that the ion-selective electrodes can satisfactorily be used to monitor chloride concentrations in built structures made out of concrete or stone.

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Section: Stonementioning

confidence: 99%

Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes in neutral and alkaline environments containing interfering ions

et al. 2015

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“…Whether this precipitation indeed occurs depends on the solubility product. The numerical value of the equilibrium constant of the bisulfide/sulfide equilibrium, as well as the equilibrium constant for the solubility products for the metal sulfides can be found in the work of Licht [11], who evaluated these constants critically.…”

Section: Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 3 The solubility products (based on concentrations) of the carbonate, hydroxide and sulfide salts of the metal ions used in this study at a temperature of 298 K [11,21] Tables 3-5. Since the concentrations of H 2 S and CO 2 present in the gas leaving the desulfurization unit are determined by the product specification, the model can also be used to determine if a scrubbing solution is a suitable reactant for a selective desulfurization process.…”

Section: Application Of the Equilibrium Model For The Determination Omentioning

confidence: 99%

The removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using an aqueous metal sulfate absorbentPart I. The absorption of hydrogen sulfide in metal sulfate solutions

Maat¹,

Hogendoorn

Versteeg

2005

Separation and Purification Technology

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The removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using an aqueous metal sulfate absorbent Ter Maat, H.; Hogendoorn, J. A.; Versteeg, Geert Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Ter Maat, H., Hogendoorn, J. A., & Versteeg, G. F. (2005). The removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using an aqueous metal sulfate absorbent: Part I. the absorption of hydrogen sulfide in metal sulfate solutions. Separation and Purification Technology, 43(3), 183-197. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2004.10.013 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. AbstractThe desulfurization of gas streams using aqueous iron(II)sulfate (Fe(II)SO 4 ), zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 ) and copper sulfate (CuSO 4 ) solutions as washing liquor is studied theoretically and experimentally. The desulfurization is accomplished by a precipitation reaction that occurs when sulfide ions and metal ions are brought into contact with each other. A thermodynamic study has been used to determine a theoretical operating window, with respect to the pH of the scrubbing solution, in which the metal sulfate solution can react with hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), but not with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the gas or hydroxide ions from the scrubbing solution. When the absorption is carried out in this window the proposed process should be capable of removing H 2 S from the gas stream without uptake of CO 2 or the formation of metal hydroxides. The pH operating window increases in the order of iron, zinc to copper. Experimental verification showed that the proposed process indeed efficiently removes H 2 S when an aqueous Fe(II)SO 4 , ZnSO 4 or CuSO 4 solution is used as absorbent. However, for an efficient desulfurization the lower pH of the experimental pH operating window using the Fe(II)SO 4 or ZnSO 4 solution was higher than indicated by thermodynamics. The reason for this must probably be attributed to a reduced precipitation rate at decreasing pH. When a CuSO 4 solution is used as washing liquor the solution can efficiently remove H 2 S over the entire pH range studied (as low as pH = 1.4). In this case only the upper pH boundary of the operating window (that indicates the possible formation of copper hydroxide or copper carbonates) seems to be a relevant limit in practice. The laboratory experiments indicate that the absorption of H 2 S in a CuSO 4 solution, at the experimental conditions tested, is a gas phase ...

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“…With water molecules still far outnumbering that of Li salts, this class of completely nonflammable WiS and WiBS electrolytes realized a dramatic improvement in safety, while placing many Li-ion and even beyond Li-ion chemistries within the reach of aqueous electrolytes (12,13). Historically, it has been very challenging to use elemental sulfur as the cathode material in aqueous electrolytes, primarily because of the high solubility of short-chain lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S x , x < 6) and Li 2 S in aqueous media, and the strong parasitic shuttling reaction occurring thereafter (14). A compromise approach used aqueous solution of lithium polysulfide as the liquid active cathode (catholyte), but only 61% of the theoretical capacity was accessed in the Li 2 S 4 /Li 2 S redox couple (15)(16)(17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique aqueous Li-ion/sulfur chemistry with high energy density and reversibility

Yang

Suo

Borodin

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

178

182

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Leveraging the most recent success in expanding the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes, in this work we create a unique Li-ion/sulfur chemistry of both high energy density and safety. We show that in the superconcentrated aqueous electrolyte, lithiation of sulfur experiences phase change from a highorder polysulfide to low-order polysulfides through solid-liquid two-phase reaction pathway, where the liquid polysulfide phase in the sulfide electrode is thermodynamically phase-separated from the superconcentrated aqueous electrolyte. The sulfur with solid-liquid two-phase exhibits a reversible capacity of 1,327 mAh/(g of S), along with fast reaction kinetics and negligible polysulfide dissolution. By coupling a sulfur anode with different Li-ion cathode materials, the aqueous Li-ion/sulfur full cell delivers record-high energy densities up to 200 Wh/(kg of total electrode mass) for >1,000 cycles at ∼100% coulombic efficiency. These performances already approach that of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) using a nonaqueous electrolyte, along with intrinsic safety not possessed by the latter. The excellent performance of this aqueous battery chemistry significantly promotes the practical possibility of aqueous LIBs in large-format applications.water-in-salt | rechargeable aqueous battery | aqueous sulfur battery | gel polymer electrolyte | phase separation I n the past two decades, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have revolutionized consumer electronics with their high energy density and excellent cycling stability, and are the state-of-the-art candidates for applications ranging from kilowatt hours for electric vehicles up to megawatt hours for grids (1, 2). The latter applications in large-format present much more stringent requirements for safety, cost, and environmental friendliness, besides energy density and cycle life. The shortcomings of LIB are mostly due to the flammable and toxic nonaqueous electrolytes and moderate energy densities (<400 Wh·kg −1 ) provided by the electrochemical couples currently used (3). Among the various "beyond Li-ion" high-energy chemistries (>500 Wh·kg −1 ) explored currently, the nonaqueous lithium/sulfur (Li/S) battery based on sulfur as a cathode (theoretical capacity of 1,675 mAh·g −1 ) and metallic lithium as an anode seems to be the most practical, as evidenced by the mushrooming literature and significant advances in this system in the past 5 y (4-7). However, commercialization of this system still faces challenges because of severe safety concerns associated with the dendrite growth of metallic Li anode in highly inflammable ether-based electrolytes (8), and the high self-discharge associated with parasitic shuttling of the intermediate polysulfide species. Moreover, the moisture-sensitive nature of the nonaqueous electrolyte would contribute significantly to the cost of the Li/S battery pack due to the stringent moisture-exclusion infrastructure required during the manufacturing, processing, and packaging of the cells. The indispensabl...

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Aqueous Solubilities, Solubility Products and Standard Oxidation‐Reduction Potentials of the Metal Sulfides

Abstract: This pseudo species can symbolize impurities in the deionized water, or other contaminants in the chemicals. When the pH is raised or lowered by the addition of an acid or base, the pseudo species includes the anions or cations associated with these additions.

Cited by 161 publications

References 9 publications

Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes in neutral and alkaline environments containing interfering ions

Ag/AgCl ion-selective electrodes in neutral and alkaline environments containing interfering ions

The removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using an aqueous metal sulfate absorbentPart I. The absorption of hydrogen sulfide in metal sulfate solutions

Unique aqueous Li-ion/sulfur chemistry with high energy density and reversibility

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