“…The complex relations between patriarchy, religion, tradition, and culture reinforce oppression against women (Aghtaie, 2016; Douki, Nacef, Belhadj, Bouasker, & Ghachem, 2003). While religion, tradition, and culture often interact with each other and at times will be indistinguishable (Woodhead, 2011), for the purposes of this article, we are defining religion as formalized beliefs, values, and institutional practices in which a divine being or supernatural presence is integral (Bruce, 2011); tradition as pertaining to ideas and practices that have been become established over time (Kopff, 2015); and culture as pertaining to expectations and norms within a social context (Al-Krenawi & Jackson, 2014).…”