Arabinogalactan Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana Pollen Development

Coimbra, Sı́lvia; Pereira, Luís Gustavo

doi:10.5772/30833

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Utilizing immunocytochemical techniques, various groups have localized AGPs in generative cells of a wide range of seed plants, showing that they are therefore important elements in nonmotile male gamete development (Pennell et al, 1991; Southworth and Kwiatkowski, 1996; Coimbra and Pereira, 2012; Costa et al, 2013). The generative cell wall of pine contains LM2 epitopes (Mogami et al, 1999), which do not occur in sperm cell walls of C. richardii (not shown).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many species of AGPs possess a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor and are often found in the plasma membrane and extracellular matrices (ECM) of growing and differentiating plant cells and tissues (Knox, 1999; Showalter, 2001; Seifert and Roberts, 2007). As such, AGPs are considered to be putative signaling molecules in plant cell morphogenesis (Knox, 1995; Coimbra and Pereira, 2012; Costa et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

“…AGPs participate in such fundamental plant processes as cellular differentiation, programmed cell death, and sexual reproduction (Dolan and Roberts, 1995; Gao and Showalter, 1999; Mogami et al, 1999; Coimbra and Pereira, 2012). Numerous AGP epitopes have been detected in male and female gametangia during sexual reproduction in seed plants (Coimbra and Pereira, 2012). For example, AGPs are finely regulated and expressed differentially throughout pollen and ovule formation and gametogenesis (Mogami et al, 1999; Coimbra et al, 2007; Rafinska and Bednarska, 2011); during pollen tube germination, growth, and elongation (Majewska‐Sawka and Nothnagel, 2000); at the stigma surface and within the transmitting tissues of the style (Coimbra and Duarte, 2003); on the plasmalemma of sperm and egg cells (Southworth and Kwiatkowski, 1996; Qin and Zhao, 2006); and in synergid cells and the embryo sac (Coimbra et al, 2007, 2008).…”

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Multiflagellated sperm cells of Ceratopteris richardii are bathed in arabinogalactan proteins throughout development

Lopez

Renzaglia

2014

American J of Botany

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We demonstrated that AGPs are abundant in the EPM and along the plasmalemma and that the three AGP epitopes have specific expression patterns during development. Coupled with inhibition studies, these results identify AGPs as critical to the formation of an extraprotoplasmic matrix and the consequent origin and development of flagella in an orderly and precise fashion around the cell. We speculate that AGPs may play additional roles as signaling molecules involved in cell shaping, cytoskeletal development, vesicle trafficking, and cytoplasmic elimination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Multiflagellated sperm cells of Ceratopteris richardii are bathed in arabinogalactan proteins throughout development

Lopez

Renzaglia

2014

American J of Botany

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“…11), UPEX1 may play a specialized role in AGP galactosylation during microspore development, consistent with a role for AGPs in primexine structure and function. Furthermore, AGPs have been reported in the walls of developing microspores at the tetrad and laterstage anthers in Arabidopsis at the time of primexine development, as well as in the tapetum, and were hypothesized to be secreted from the tapetal cells (Coimbra and Pereira, 2012).…”

Section: Potential Role For Agps In Primexine Structure and Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Glycosyltransferases in Pollen Wall Primexine Formation and Exine Patterning

Liu

Douglas

2016

Plant Physiol.

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The pollen cell wall is important for protection of male sperm from physical stresses and consists of an inner gametophytederived intine layer and a sporophyte-derived exine layer. The polymeric constituents of the robust exine are termed sporopollenin. The mechanisms by which sporopollenin is anchored onto microspores and polymerized in specific patterns are unknown, but the primexine, a transient cell wall matrix formed on the surface of microspores at the late tetrad stage, is hypothesized to play a key role. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) spongy (spg) and uneven pattern of exine (upex) mutants exhibit defective and irregular exine patterns. SPG2 (synonymous with IRREGULAR XYLEM9-LIKE [IRX9L]) encodes a family GT43 glycosyltransferase involved in xylan backbone biosynthesis, while UPEX1 encodes a family GT31 glycosyltransferase likely involved in galactosylation of arabinogalactan proteins. Imaging of developing irx9l microspores showed that the earliest detectable defect was in primexine formation. Furthermore, wild-type microspores contained primexine-localized epitopes indicative of the presence of xylan, but these were absent in irx9l. These data, together with the spg phenotype of a mutant in IRX14L, which also plays a role in xylan backbone elongation, indicate the presence of xylan in pollen wall primexine, which plays a role in exine patterning on the microspore surface. We observed an aberrant primexine and irregular patterns of incipient sporopollenin deposition in upex1, suggesting that primexine-localized arabinogalactan proteins could play roles in sporopollenin adhesion and patterning early in microspore wall development. Our data provide new insights into the biochemical and functional properties of the primexine component of the microspore cell wall.

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Arabinogalactan proteins and arabinan pectins abound in the specialized matrices surrounding female gametes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii

Lopez

Renzaglia

2016

Planta

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Both male and female gametes of archegoniates are highly specialized cells surrounded by an extraprotoplasmic matrix rich in AGPs, which are speculated to facilitate development and gamete fusion through Ca 2+) oscillations. An additional layer, the egg envelope, forms around the egg periphery, except at the fertilization pore, and contains arabinose-rich polymers that presumably impart flexibility for the rapidly growing zygote and embryo. The abundant AGPs and arabinan pectins associated with the eggs of C. richardii not only are integral to development, fertilization, and early embryogenesis, but also may be involved in desiccation tolerance important to the survival of the reproductive gametophyte. A defining feature of gametogenesis in archegoniates is the deposition of a special matrix outside of the plasmalemma of both egg and sperm cells that displaces the primary cell wall away from the protoplasm. It is within this matrix that gamete differentiation occurs. In leptosporangiate ferns, maturation of the egg cell involves the deposition of a second specialized wall, the so-called egg envelope that surrounds the cell except at the fertilization pore, a narrow site where gamete fusion takes place. We provide the first conclusive evidence of the macromolecular constituents in the unique structures surrounding fern egg cells before and after fertilization. To test the hypotheses that the egg extracellular matrix contains arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) as does the sperm cell matrix, and that cell wall polysaccharides, especially pectins, are components of the egg envelope, we examined the expression patterns of AGPs and cell wall constituents during oogenesis in Ceratopteris richardii. Utilizing histochemical stains for callose, cellulose and AGPs coupled with immunogold localizations employing a suite of monoclonal antibodies to cell wall components (JIM13, JIM8, LM2, LM5, LM6, LM19, LM20 and anticallose), we demonstrate that AGPs, but not pectins, are abundant in the matrix around egg cells and degrading neck canal and ventral canal cells during archegonial development. A striking finding is that both AGPs and (1,5)-α-L-arabinan pectin epitopes are principle components of the egg envelope before and after fertilization, suggesting that they are important in both egg maturation and gamete fusion.

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Arabinogalactan Proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana Pollen Development

Cited by 11 publications

References 82 publications

Multiflagellated sperm cells of Ceratopteris richardii are bathed in arabinogalactan proteins throughout development

Multiflagellated sperm cells of Ceratopteris richardii are bathed in arabinogalactan proteins throughout development

Role of Glycosyltransferases in Pollen Wall Primexine Formation and Exine Patterning

Arabinogalactan proteins and arabinan pectins abound in the specialized matrices surrounding female gametes of the fern Ceratopteris richardii

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