Arbaeen in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Hamdanieh, Lara; Ostadtaghizadeh, Abbas

doi:10.1017/dmp.2020.362

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Among the health issues, environmental health holds a special place. If little attention is paid to this issue, places and pilgrimage routes may become focal points for spreading pathogens and endanger their health [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Healthcare Services in 2019 Arbaeen March: A Qualitative Study

Kheradmand,

Khankeh,

Hosseini Borujeni

et al. 2024

HDQ

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Background: The Arbaeen march ritual stands as one of the largest congregations, attended by tens of millions every year. Given the large number of participants in this ritual, it is essential to minimize the health repercussions for pilgrims and ensure their prompt access to medical care. The present study was conducted to analyze the healthcare services during the 2019 Arbaeen march. Materials and Methods: Employing a qualitative approach, this study utilized various data collection methods, including in-depth and semi-structured interviews, field observations, and document review. The target population comprised healthcare decision-makers, managers, and providers of the 2019 Arbaeen march. The interview and data collection guide were developed in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Data collection continued until data saturation. Directed content analysis was employed to analyze the data. Results: Data saturation was achieved after conducting 30 personal interviews. Out of the challenges and significant factors found in healthcare deliveries during the Imam Hussein (AS) Arbaeen march, 9 main themes and categories were identified: Trauma system, disease surveillance system, health issues, health education and promotion, healthcare coordination and collaboration command in the health system, information and communication management, response planning, support and resource management, and safety and security. Conclusion: This study identified the major healthcare issues in the AS Arbaeen march, serving as an evidence-based guide for policymakers and planners of this famous religious ritual. The results of this study are applicable to similar public gatherings and marches.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Healthcare Services in 2019 Arbaeen March: A Qualitative Study

Kheradmand,

Khankeh,

Hosseini Borujeni

et al. 2024

HDQ

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“…Arbaeen pilgrimage is another religious MG events that attracted 20 million pilgrims in 2019 [78] . During the 2019 event, several public health concerns were raised regarding the spread of infection and lack of appropriate measure to mitigate the risk of spread, which can potentially increase the risk of “super-spreader” event [79] .…”

Section: Organizing a Mass Gathering Amidst The Covid-19 Public Healt...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthcare policies, precautionary measures and outcomes of mass gathering events in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: Expedited review

Alahmari

Khan

Alamri

et al. 2024

Journal of Infection and Public Health

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“…Among the walking pilgrimage routes, the Najaf‐Karbala route is the most popular (72 km) (Al‐Ansari et al., 2020; Lami, Hameed, et al., 2019), and the farthest route is the one that starts from Basra, around 500 km southeast of Karbala (Christia et al., 2016). This religious activity, as is the case for other mass gatherings (e.g., Hajj), can raise multiple health concerns related to communicable and non‐communicable diseases (Al‐Ansari et al., 2020; Albujeer & Almahafdha, 2018; Alqahtani et al., 2021; Hamdanieh & Ostadtaghizadeh, 2021; Lami et al., 2021; Memish, 2010; Memish et al., 2019; Obaid et al., 2020). For example, many pilgrims can be susceptible to temperature extremes due to prolonged exposure to outdoor climates (Kang et al., 2019; Memish, 2010; Noweir et al., 2008; Saeed et al., 2021; Yezli et al., 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is held in Iraq to commemorate the martyrdom of Al‐Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, who was martyred in a battle in Karbala in 680 CE (Husein, 2018). About 20 million people from Iraq and other countries participate in this religious ceremony every year (Al‐Ansari et al., 2020; Hamdanieh & Ostadtaghizadeh, 2021; Nikjoo et al., 2021), and the number of participants may continue to grow as Muslims are projected to become the world's largest religious group (Lipka & Hackett, 2017). Multiple activities in this ceremony occur outdoors including a long journey on foot toward the Shrine of Al‐Husayn ibn Ali in Karbala (Al‐Ansari et al., 2020; Lami, Hameed, et al., 2019; Nikjoo et al., 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Stress During Arba’een Foot‐Pilgrimage (World’s Largest Gathering) Projected to Reach “Dangerous” Levels Due To Climate Change

Choi

Eltahir

2022

Geophysical Research Letters

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Arba'een, a Muslim pilgrimage, is one of the largest annual mass gatherings in the world, with a date fixed according to the lunar calendar. Most pilgrims start their long walking journey from Basra/Najaf toward Karbala (about 70–500 km) and are significantly affected by outdoor weather conditions during this period. Here, based on simulations performed using carefully‐selected climate models, we project that heat stress during the pilgrimage is likely to reach a “dangerous” level, defined according to the US National Weather Service criteria, by the end of this century. Moreover, a significant increase in consecutive occurrence of hot days and hot nights is expected within the coming decades, which may cause a high incidence of heat‐related disorders as the human body may not recover from the daytime heat loads. Our study suggests that sound adaptation measures and stringent mitigation actions must be established to ensure a safe pilgrimage in the future.

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Arbaeen in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Cited by 5 publications

References 2 publications

Analysis of Healthcare Services in 2019 Arbaeen March: A Qualitative Study

Analysis of Healthcare Services in 2019 Arbaeen March: A Qualitative Study

Healthcare policies, precautionary measures and outcomes of mass gathering events in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: Expedited review

Heat Stress During Arba’een Foot‐Pilgrimage (World’s Largest Gathering) Projected to Reach “Dangerous” Levels Due To Climate Change

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