Arboviruses in Mammals in the Neotropics: A Systematic Review to Strengthen Epidemiological Monitoring Strategies and Conservation Medicine

Abstract

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a diverse group of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses, with the exception of African swine fever virus, that are transmitted by hematophagous arthropods to a vertebrate host. They are the important cause of many diseases due to their ability to spread in different environments and their diversity of vectors. Currently, there is no information on the geographical distribution of the diseases because the routes of transmission and the mammals (wild or domestic) that act as potential hosts are poorly documented or unknown. We conducted a systematic review from 1967 to 2021 to identify the diversity of arboviruses, the areas, and taxonomic groups that have been monitored, the prevalence of positive records, and the associated risk factors. We identified forty-three arboviruses in nine mammalian orders distributed in eleven countries. In Brazil, the order primates harbor the highest number of arbovirus records. The three most recorded arboviruses were Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile virus. Serum is the most used sample to obtain arbovirus records. Deforestation is identified as the main risk factor for arbovirus transmission between different species and environments (an odds ratio of 1.46 with a 95% confidence interval: 1.34–1.59). The results show an increase in the sampling effort over the years in the neotropical region. Despite the importance of arboviruses for public health, little is known about the interaction of arboviruses, their hosts, and vectors, as some countries and mammalian orders have not yet been monitored. Long-term and constant monitoring allows focusing research on the analysis of the interrelationships and characteristics of each component animal, human, and their environment to understand the dynamics of the diseases and guide epidemiological surveillance and vector control programs. The biodiversity of the Neotropics should be considered to support epidemiological monitoring strategies.

Ensemble Learning: Predicting Human Pathogenicity of Hematophagous Arthropod Vector-Borne Viruses

“…S. Huang et al, 2019a). The interplay between vectors and Aves hosts enables long-distance viral transmission (Forrester et al, 2014), while interactions with vertebrates also emerge as pivotal determinants(García-Romero et al, 2023; Golnar et al, 2014; Stephenson et al, 2019). Our results align with these insights, highlighting that, beyond interspecies categories, viruses infecting Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla pose the most significant risk for human pathogenicity, increasing the likelihood of transmission to humans and subsequent disease outbreaks.…”

“…S. Huang, Higgs, and Vanlandingham 2019a; Sen, Nayak, and De 2016). Research indicates that vectors’ interaction with avian hosts facilitates long-distance transmission, while interactions with vertebrates are pivotal determinants of spillovers (Forrester, Coffey, and Weaver 2014; García-Romero et al 2023; Stephenson et al 2019). Our findings reveal that non-vector hosts significantly affect human pathogenicity, especially within Perissodactyla and Carnivora , where a high abundance of vector-borne viruses correlates with increased human pathogenicity.…”

Genes, inflammatory response, tolerance, and resistance to virus infections in migratory birds, bats, and rodents

“…At least 500 arboviruses have been identified so far, 100 of which may induce human diseases and 40 of them cause domestic animal diseases ( 144 , 145 ), and the Amazon is a spotlight for emergence of new arboviruses and this has been associated with disturbance of the natural ecosystem ( 146 ).…”

INFECTION OF HUMAN MACROPHAGES BY Angomonas deanei (Crithidia deanei) AND Herpertomonas roitmani

“…O episódio mostra que a degradação ambiental é um componente importante na disseminação das doenças em caráter epidêmico. O desmatamento pode diminuir habitats de animais invertebrados, levando-os a terem contato mais frequentes com populações humanas (WALSH; MOLYNEUX; BIRLEY, 1993;GARCÍA-ROMERO et al, 2023).Outro exemplo de transbordamento zoonótico, em decorrência de desmatamento para expansão agrícola, foi observado com o vírus Nipah. Morcegos na Malásia migraram em busca de alimento e estabeleceram-se em uma nova região onde havia produção de mangas ao lado de criações de porcos.…”