Archaeological Discoveries and Methodological Problems in the Excavations of Shahr-i Sokhta, Sistan

Biscione, Raffaele; Bulgarelli, Grazia Maria; Costantini, Lorenzo; Piperno, Marcello; Tosi, Maurizio

doi:10.1163/9789004658561_005

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Subsequent papers confirmed Ember's observation (Divale, 1977; Hrncír, Duda, et al, 2020; Hrncír, Vondrovský, & Kvetina, 2020; Porcic, 2010). Biscione et al, 1977 reconstructed the MFA in the Eastern Residential Area (Figure 2), which had been sealed following a huge fire that affected this area during Period II. The fire, which occurred at the beginning of Period II, probably involved the entire site, but in this specific area the following occupations did not affect the older buildings, leaving them in their original state.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fire, which occurred at the beginning of Period II, probably involved the entire site, but in this specific area the following occupations did not affect the older buildings, leaving them in their original state. MFA range in Shahr‐i Sokhta's Period II (90–150 m 2 ) would place the society among the matrilocal ones (Biscione et al, 1977).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Female biased adult sex ratio in the Bronze Age cemetery of Shahr‐i Sokhta (Iran) as an indicator of long distance trade and matrilocality

Vincenti,

Molinaro,

Sajjadi

et al. 2024

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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ObjectivesThis paper starts from the unusual observation of the overrepresentation of females among adults in the cemetery of Bronze Age Shahr‐i Sokhta (Seistan, Iran) and explores the post marital residence pattern. By integrating taphonomical (skeletal preservation), anthropological (sex ratio [SR], sexual dimorphism, stress indicators, age at death), archeological (long distance trade indicators, habitation floor area, social role of women), and ancient DNA (heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes) data we test the hypothesis of post marital matrilocality in the site.MethodsWe computed the SR (pelvis‐based sex determination) in a random unpublished adult sample from the cemetery of Shahr‐i Sokhta and in two samples previously published by other authors. We used comparative data on SR from: a large Supra Regional multi‐chronological sample of sites, n = 47, with 8808 adult sexed individuals, from Southern Europe, Egypt, Middle East, Southern Russia; a Regional Bronze Age sample of sites (n = 10) from Bactria Margiana and Indus Valley with 1324 adult sexed individuals. We estimated the heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes compared with the rest of the autosomes on the assumption that in a matrilocal society females should show lower variability than men.ResultsAdult SR in a sample (n = 549) from Shahr‐i Sokhta is 70.5, the overrepresentation of females is shared with Regional Bronze Age sites from Bactria Margiana (SR = 72.09) and Indus Valley (SR = 67.54). On the contrary, in a larger Supra Regional multi‐chronological sample of sites, mean SR ranges between 112.7 (Bronze Age) and 163.1 (Middle Ages). Taphonomical and anthropological indicators do not explain the overrepresentation of female skeletons. Archeological indicators suggest a high social status of women and that the society was devoted to long range trade activities. heterozygosity levels in X chromosomes are in agreement with a matrilocal society.ConclusionsIndicators suggest that Bronze Age Shahr‐ì Sokhta was a matrilocal society and that long distance trade was an important economic factor producing an overrepresentation of adult female skeletons in the cemetery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female biased adult sex ratio in the Bronze Age cemetery of Shahr‐i Sokhta (Iran) as an indicator of long distance trade and matrilocality

Vincenti,

Molinaro,

Sajjadi

et al. 2024

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Chrysoprase – history and present

Sachanbiński¹,

Kuleba²,

Natkaniec‐Nowak³

2023

Mineralogia

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The authors present the history of chrysoprase discovery and the progress of knowledge about this material over the millennia, based on the extended review of world literature. Tracing the oldest archaeological artifacts from before 9,000 years, the lens of history turns on a stone that has not been properly identified mineralogically for centuries. In the 1830s, chrysoprase was finally included into the chalcedony group and its green color was associated, very correctly, with nickel compounds dispersed in its structure. After all, the most current mineralogy of chrysoprase is presented on the basis of the results of modern analytical studies. These data clearly indicate that chrysoprase is a mixture of several SiO2 polymorphs with varying degrees of structural order (opal, chalcedony, moganite, quartz). This radically changes the previous taxonomy of chrysoprase and its position in current mineralogical and petrographic systematics.

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Archaeological Discoveries and Methodological Problems in the Excavations of Shahr-i Sokhta, Sistan

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Female biased adult sex ratio in the Bronze Age cemetery of Shahr‐i Sokhta (Iran) as an indicator of long distance trade and matrilocality

Female biased adult sex ratio in the Bronze Age cemetery of Shahr‐i Sokhta (Iran) as an indicator of long distance trade and matrilocality

Chrysoprase – history and present

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