“…Early Formative erosion in the highland valleys, probably triggered by human impact, had complex effects on people and environments along the entire drainage basin. In the highlands, people responded to erosion through the use of soil conservation techniques, especially terracing (Balkansky et al, 2000;Spores, 1969). In the lower valley, however, sediments carried down the river from the highlands triggered major changes in floodplain and coastal geomorphology.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most significant period of anthropogenic landscape change was during the Early Formative Period (4120-2755 cal yr B.P. ), which marks the time of initial sedentism as well as population growth and agricultural expansion in the highlands (Balkansky et al, 2000;Marcus and Flannery, 1996;Winter, 1989).…”
Previous interdisciplinary paleoenvironmental and archaeological research along the Río Verde Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, showed that Holocene erosion in the highland valleys of the upper drainage basin triggered geomorphic changes in the river's coastal floodplain. This article uses stratigraphic data from sediment cores extracted from Laguna Pastoría, an estuary in the lower Río Verde Valley, to examine changes in coastal geomorphology potentially triggered by highland erosion. Coastal lagoon sediments contain a stratigraphically and chronologically distinct record of major hurricane strikes during late Holocene times. Three distinct storm facies are identified from sediment cores obtained from Laguna Pastoría, which indicate that profound coastal environmental changes occurred within the region and are correlated with increased sediment supplied from highland erosion. The Chione/Laevicardium facies was deposited in an open bay while the Mytella/barnacle facies and sand facies were deposited in an enclosed lagoon following bay barrier formation. We argue that highland erosion triggered major geomorphic changes in the lowlands including bay barrier formation by ∼2500 cal yr B.P. These environmental changes may have had significant effects on human populations in the region. The lagoon stratigraphy further indicates an increase in mid–late Holocene hurricane activity, possibly caused by increased El Niño frequencies.
“…Early Formative erosion in the highland valleys, probably triggered by human impact, had complex effects on people and environments along the entire drainage basin. In the highlands, people responded to erosion through the use of soil conservation techniques, especially terracing (Balkansky et al, 2000;Spores, 1969). In the lower valley, however, sediments carried down the river from the highlands triggered major changes in floodplain and coastal geomorphology.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most significant period of anthropogenic landscape change was during the Early Formative Period (4120-2755 cal yr B.P. ), which marks the time of initial sedentism as well as population growth and agricultural expansion in the highlands (Balkansky et al, 2000;Marcus and Flannery, 1996;Winter, 1989).…”
Previous interdisciplinary paleoenvironmental and archaeological research along the Río Verde Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico, showed that Holocene erosion in the highland valleys of the upper drainage basin triggered geomorphic changes in the river's coastal floodplain. This article uses stratigraphic data from sediment cores extracted from Laguna Pastoría, an estuary in the lower Río Verde Valley, to examine changes in coastal geomorphology potentially triggered by highland erosion. Coastal lagoon sediments contain a stratigraphically and chronologically distinct record of major hurricane strikes during late Holocene times. Three distinct storm facies are identified from sediment cores obtained from Laguna Pastoría, which indicate that profound coastal environmental changes occurred within the region and are correlated with increased sediment supplied from highland erosion. The Chione/Laevicardium facies was deposited in an open bay while the Mytella/barnacle facies and sand facies were deposited in an enclosed lagoon following bay barrier formation. We argue that highland erosion triggered major geomorphic changes in the lowlands including bay barrier formation by ∼2500 cal yr B.P. These environmental changes may have had significant effects on human populations in the region. The lagoon stratigraphy further indicates an increase in mid–late Holocene hurricane activity, possibly caused by increased El Niño frequencies.
“…Other reported cases include a Mixtec numeral classifier borrowed into Chatino (Sullivant, ), Chatino phonological patterns transferred into Pochutec Nahua (Bartholomew, ), noun classifiers borrowed from Chiapanec into Mayan languages (Hopkins, ), and Mayan (Huastec) influence on Otomían syntax (Kaufman, ). In an archaeological survey, Balkansky et al () conclude that “Monte Albán [Zapotec] and the Mixtec states arose together from an interacting nexus of pre‐urban societies.” Such a proposal should impel linguists to search for parallel evidence from language contact. So far, not much evidence for contact between Zapotec and Mixtec has been found, though Kaufman () identifies a pluralizer *kka that is found only in those two groups, see example (3).…”
Among the linguistic lineages of Mesoamerica, the Otomanguean family is the most diverse and most widely spread. Long occupying a central position in one of the cradles of human civilization, speakers of Otomanguean languages have played important roles in the region, about which their languages have much to tell. However, Otomanguean is perhaps the least understood of the major Mesoamerican language families, due to its great diversity, the remarkable structural complexity of Otomanguean languages and the history of the field of Otomanguean historical linguistics, which has seen great achievement alternating with periodic controversy and doubt. With a focus on the higher levels and more ancient time depths of the family, this article surveys Otomanguean historical linguistic work and presents a state of the art perspective on Otomanguean classification, reconstruction, linguistic prehistory, remaining challenges, and prospects for the future.
“…It was submitted in January of 1580 to colonial authorities along with the alphabetic Relación Geográfica de Teozacualco y Amoltepeque (Figure 3; Acuña 1984). Although the documents were well-known before 2000, no archaeological exploration of the area had been undertaken (Anders et al 1992a; Balkansky et al 2000). FIGURE 3. First page of San Pedro Teozacoalco's Relación Geográfica.…”
Section: Research Inspired By Archived Documentsmentioning
This article explores the relationships between archaeological research, preconquest and colonialperiod documents, and legal and ethical considerations in Oaxaca, Mexico, with a particular focus on the emic approach of the Teozacoalco Archaeological Project, which uses a sixteenth-century map to contextualize archaeological remains. It begins with ABSTRACT Documents from Oaxaca, Mexico, in archives and museums in Mexico, the United States, and former European colonial powers are stimulating archaeological projects and other research in the areas where they originated. The Teozacoalco Archaeological Project was inspired by colonial-period documents housed in the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Library at the University of Texas at Austin. Chiyo Cahnu, a Mixtec kingdom better known as Teozacoalco, was the scene of Aztec and Spanish colonial incursions. The archiving in Texas of the famous Mapa de Teozacoalco and associated documents pertaining to the kingdom/municipality, as well as other documents related to Teozacoalco, neighboring Mixtec kingdoms, and other indigenous Oaxacan communities housed in libraries, archives, and museums distant from those communities, invites us to consider some important issues: how and why they left their original homes and arrived in their present locations and legal and ethical ramifications of housing them outside of their homeland. Included in the latter topic are questions about decolonizing documents, whether documents should be repatriated, and best practices for archaeologists whose projects are inspired by them. Documentos históricos procedentes de Oaxaca, México que ahora residen en los archivos y museos de México, los Estados Unidos y varias antiguas potencias coloniales europeas han inspirado proyectos arqueológicos y otras investigaciones en sus regiones de origen. El Proyecto Arqueológico de Teozacoalco se inspiró en documentos de la época colonial que actualmente residen en la Colección Latinoamericana Nettie Lee Benson de la Universidad de Texas en Austin. Teozacoalco, un antiguo reino mixteco originalmente conocido como Chiyo Cahnu, fue sitio de incursiones coloniales aztecas y españolas. El famoso Mapa de Teozacoalco y los documentos asociados con el reino y municipio de Teozacoalco -así como otros documentos relacionados con los reinos mixtecos y otras comunidades indígenas oaxaqueñas que actualmente residen en bibliotecas, archivos y museos lejos de sus comunidades de origen-nos invitan a considerar algunos temas importantes. ¿Cómo y por qué dejaron sus lugares de origen y llegaron a sus ubicaciones actuales? ¿Cuáles son las implicaciones legales y éticas de albergarlos fuera de su patria? En esta discusión se considera la descolonización de los documentos históricos, la pregunta de si estos deberían ser repatriados y las mejores prácticas para los arqueólogos cuyos proyectos se inspiran en ellos.overviews of the types and nature of documents, where they are archived, and how they are used in exhibits, publications, and archaeological research, in order to expos...
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