Architectural style in line with energy demand: Typology-based energy estimation of a downtown district

Energetic retrofit of historical downtown buildings: Cost effectiveness and financing options

“…The present state energetic calculation shows, that currently the building stock in the case study area consumes 274,7 GWh/a [10]. The heating energy used for the winter is particularly excessive, 2%-300% larger than today's prescribed amount [10]. As these downtown districts are the most populated parts of Hungary, the problem affects numerous residents.…”

“…The most characteristic period of the stock, the turn of the 19th and 20th century, is especially well documented. For the detailed methodology of the typology, see [10]. The advantage of this version is, that there is no intervention, but it is not decreasing the energy demand either.…”

“…Previous study showed, that the energetic state and the architectural style of the buildings in the stock are in close connection [10], which term is already most commonly used in heritage protection guidelines. Thus, in the further part of the study, architectural style is used for grouping of the buildings.…”

“…The above styles had been identified using literature data from Hungarian studies dealing with style classification (methodology: [10]).…”

Female mascarons in the architecture of the Lviv secession

“…To solve the objectives sought in the study, we have used a set of interrelated and complementary general scientific and special methods, namely: system analysis -to conduct a qualitative analysis of the problem of Lviv mascarons of the early twentieth century; study and systematization of scientific literature and sources on the research subject; iconological, semiotic and hermeneutical methods help to trace the influence of Europe on the Lviv architectural and decorative plastic and interpret individual artistic images of Lviv masks of the early twentieth century; to identify their symbolism and information load from the perspective of pan-European artistic ideas; comparative method enables to identify similarities and differences in the typology and plasticity of the Lviv secession mascarons in the context of pan-European practice; synthesis method is used in the research in developing the typology of leading artistic images of the Lviv mascarons of the early twentieth century and in determining the factors that influenced its formation; as well as in making conclusions; iconographic and structural methods are used in the study and systematization of features of individual typological groups of the Lviv mascarons of the early twentieth century; formal method helps to analyze the external characteristics of each individual mascaron as an art form. The combination of the above methods has made it possible to determine the principles of stylistic and figurative-plastic features of the Lviv secession mascarons of the early twentieth century, their symbolic and informational load, as well as role and place in the architectural and decorative compositions of facades of Lviv structures of the studied period Sugár et al, 2018).…”