Architecture of a dual-modality, high-resolution, fully digital positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanner for small animal imaging

Fontaine, R.; Bart, François; Cadorette, J.; Leroux, J.-D.; Martín, J. P.; Michaud, J.-B.; Pratte, J.‐F.; Robert, S.; Lecomte, Roger

doi:10.1109/tns.2005.850484

Cited by 47 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…These detectors are based on 1.5x1.5x12 mm 3 MLS crystals assembled on a 30x30 matrix with reflector between crystals, optically coupled to a position sensitive photo-multiplier. The readout circuits that pre-process the 64 signals from the 8 x 8 anodes matrix, plus the trigger signal for coincidence detection and timing, and the high voltage supply are integrated in a three PCBs stack that forms the base attached to the back of the PMT, and the whole assembly is enclosed in a light tight, lead (Pb) shielded aluminum box.…”

Section: A Pet Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However this kind of solutions, based on two axially displaced and essentially independent imaging systems, increases the acquisition time and doesn't avoid undesired movements of the animal or the auxiliary probes and anesthesia hoses attached to it. A recent development makes use of a unique detector sensitive to both types of radiation, x-ray and 511 keV gamma rays, leaving the animal untouched during the two scans [2][3][4] The proposed co-planar PET/CT design is based on a common rotating gantry in which four PET detectors and a small animal CT scanner has been integrated. The acquisition protocol for both imaging modalities is based on a step-andshoot mode in which the gantry is rotated to the appropriate angle and paused while the data is acquired.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record [October 23 - 29, 2005]

2005

IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2005

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A small animal PET/CT system based on a common rotating gantry is proposed. The PET detection subsystem is composed of two detector modules based on MLS arrays and four flat panel type PS PMT. The CT subsystem consists in a micro focus X ray tube and a semiconductor X ray detector. Space for opposed PET detectors and the CT scanner have been allocated on the same plane in such a way that the trans axial and axial centers are common for both systems. Shielding elements have been placed around the detectors to avoid cross modality contamination. The gantry can rotate 370 degrees to provide complete data sets for the CT image reconstruction algorithm that is based on the cone beam geometry. PET image reconstruction is implemented using FBP (2D and 3D) and OSEM. Sequential acquisition protocols minimize the scan duration, and CT information can be used to implement PET imaging corrections. The coplanar configuration of this system provides intrinsically co registered data sets, and it is not necessary to reposition the animal to perform any modality imaging, avoiding undesired animal or additional accessories movements. An additional advantage is the compactness of the system that saves space and allows a direct visual monitoring of the animal during the scan. Index TermsGamma detectors, position sensitive photomultiplier tubes, positron emission tomography (PET), small animal imaging, biomedical nuclear imaging.

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Section: A Pet Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record [October 23 - 29, 2005]

2005

IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2005

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“…To deal with realistic X-ray fluxes from a low-power X-ray tube, the single photon count rate of individual detectors should reach at least 10 cps/pixel and later 10 cps/pixel [3]. Manuscript However, 10 cps/pixel is not a realistic requirement for detection of light pulses with the decay time constants of 20-40 ns, typically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Hamamatsu S8550 APD Array to the Common PET/CT Detector

Nassalski

Moszyński

Syntfeld-Kzuch

et al. 2008

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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The progress of nuclear medicine and x-ray computer imaging encourage the researchers to develop new dual modality positron emission/X-rays tomography (PET/CT) systems, to acquire both the anatomical and the functional information during the same measurement, relying on the same detection system and electronics at the same time. The aim of this work was to study a detector consisting of four LSO pixel crystals coupled to a Hamamatsu S8550 avalanche photodiode (APD) array. The measurements covered tests of the detectors in the PET and in the CT modes using counting and current modes, respectively. The measurements included a determination of the light output, energy resolution, non-proportionality of the light yield and time resolution for 511 keV annihilation quanta, characterizing the PET detector, and the dependence of a counting rate versus a mean current of APD in the X-ray detection.

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“…A new digital architecture was proposed to overcome the aforementioned problems and to enable both CT and PET imaging to be performed with the same detectors and electronics [6]. This PET/CT architecture is based on phoswich detectors coupled to Charge Sensitive Preamplifier (CSP).…”

Section: Digital Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These problems are amplified when higher resolutions are needed [4]. Throughout the world, major efforts are currently being directed towards the development of new digital approaches to mitigate the allanalog-architecture limitations of the current technology [5], [6]. New digital solutions to complex problems, such as parallax, Compton scatter and tomographic reconstruction can concurrently be addressed as the number of sensors and the available processing power increase.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary results of a data acquisition subsystem for distributed, digital, computational, APD-based, dual-modality PET/CT architecture for small animal imaging

Fontaine

Tetrault

Bart

et al.

IEEE Symposium Conference Record Nuclear Science 2004.

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A new highly integrated data acquisition (DAQ) system for a combined, APD-based, dual-modality PET/CT scanner, implementing both analog and digital electronics on the same board, has been fabricated and tested. The DAQ system was designed to achieve high-precision (< 1 ns) coincidence detection in PET and high-rate event counting in CT imaging using the same detectors and electronics. One DAQ board holds 64 parallel detector channels that can be sampled directly at the output of the Charge-Sensitive Preamplifiers (CSP) at a rate of 100 MHz with free-running Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) from Maxim. Digital signal processing is performed in Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) from Xilinx. Independent 500 V voltage regulators are mounted on board for optimum biasing of individual APDs coupled to phoswich detectors. The DAQ board has been fabricated on a 12 copper layers Printed Circuit Board (PCB). The low-noise analog front-end is directly interfaced on board through differential CSP outputs to the high-speed digital circuits for optimum coupling and noise immunity. The board shows excellent electrical characteristics with all circuitry powered up, featuring a mean SIgnal to Noise And Distortion ratio (SINAD) of 47.7 dB over all 64 channels when supplied with a 10 MHz sine waveform at its input. Initial performance characteristics with BGO/LSO phoswich detectors are reported.

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Architecture of a dual-modality, high-resolution, fully digital positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scanner for small animal imaging

Cited by 47 publications

References 18 publications

2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record [October 23 - 29, 2005]

2005 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record [October 23 - 29, 2005]

Application of Hamamatsu S8550 APD Array to the Common PET/CT Detector

Preliminary results of a data acquisition subsystem for distributed, digital, computational, APD-based, dual-modality PET/CT architecture for small animal imaging

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